@A
Online Instructor’s Manual with Test Bank
for
pl
Criminal Investigation
us
Third Edition
Michael D. Lyman
Columbia College of Missouri
st
uv
ia
Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco
Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto
Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
i
@Aplusstuvia
, Chapter 1
Foundations of Criminal Investigations
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
@A
The beginning of this chapter focuses on the history of criminal investigation. It initially
recognizes that criminal investigation began in England and briefly reviews the beginnings if
policing by the Bow Street Runners of the Henry Fielding during the 1750’s to Sir Robert Peel’s
first paid police officers known as the “bobbies.”
After establishing the history of policing and criminal investigation in England it moves
pl
to the United States and discusses the history of criminal investigation in the United States. The
first police departments in America were Boston in 1837, New York in 1844, and Philadelphia
in 1854. Federal Initiatives for criminal investigators began in 1865 with the creation of the
United States Secret Service used to the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) was created in 1973
from the Federal Bureau of Narcotics.
The next section discusses the evolution of research and science in forensic science. It
reviews concepts such as serology and forensic pathology. The chapter moves forward covering
us
criminal investigations. It talks of the RAND and PERF studies of the early 1970’s and their
effect on police departments. Both of these studies make recommendations for police from first
arrival on scene of a crime to investigation past that point.
The next piece of the chapter reviewed is the objectives of criminal investigation. It
discusses what the purposes of police response to crime as well as how to look for evidence at
crime scenes. It further speaks of the using technological advances in evidence collection.
st
Then the chapter talks about reasoning. This reasoning section reviews inductive and
deductive reasoning when looking at a crime scene. It takes it further to the concept of
abduction when using reasoning to determine criminal activity
The chapter then takes a focus on the emergence of the police specialist at crime scenes,
types of investigations, crime scene investigators, and the modes of investigation. These are all
important discussions as to response to crime scenes, who should investigate, and how.
uv
The role of the criminal investigator becomes the next subject of discussion and it speaks
about good characteristics of an investigator. It goes further looking at how patrol officers can
make an impact at a crime scene not only as a first investigator but also how his/her role can
expedite solving the crime.
Solvability factors are the next subject. This section reviews the identification of leads in
a crime as well as the reporting system and how this could lead to better ways of finding the
ia
criminal.
The chapter then moves to the preliminary investigation to determine criminal activity.
Witnesses and physical evidence is pointed out as pivotal to the investigation. This section goes
further discussing investigative steps at crime scenes, witness statements, and how this can lead
to an arrest.
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
21
@Aplusstuvia
, 1. The History of Criminal Investigations
2. The Evolution in Research and Science in Forensic Science
3. Criminal Investigation Research
4. The Objectives of Criminal Investigation
5. Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
6. The Role of the Criminal Investigator
@A
7. Solvability Factors
8. The Preliminary Investigation
LECTURE OUTLINE
pl
The History of Criminal Investigation
Criminal investigation began in England and briefly reviews the beginnings if policing by the
Bow Street Runners of the Henry Fielding during the 1750’s to Sir Robert Peel’s first paid
police officers known as the “bobbies.” There is the recognition of Scotland Yard serving as the
headquarters of the London Metropolitan Police Department.
us
The first police departments in America were Boston in 1837, New York in 1844, and
Philadelphia in 1854. By 1870 there is a police department in every major city in the U.S. due
to the fact that each city had its own brand of violence, crime, and vice. Much of the crime and
violence came from fighting between the Protestants and the Catholics, immigrants and Native
Americans and the abolitionists and pro-slavery groups.
st
Scottish immigrant Allan Pinkerton founded the Pinkerton National Detective Agency in 1850.
The agency was developed to help local law enforcement in solving cases that they were unable
to investigate due to resources or incompetence. Pinkerton started a “rogues gallery” which was
a compilation of descriptions of suspects, their hideaways, methods of operation, and criminal
associates.
uv
Even during the time of Pinkerton the New York City Police had some 20 detectives of their
own. The NYPD had established their own “rogue gallery” of offenders and had over 700
photos of suspects. Chicago had its own Criminal Investigation Bureau in 1884 and Atlanta had
its own Detective Bureau in 1885.
Federal Initiatives for criminal investigators began in 1865 with the creation of the United States
ia
Secret Service used to investigate counterfeiting. During the 1920’s the Bureau of the Internal
Revenue was created to enforce Prohibition. The FBI originated from a force of agents of the
Department of Justice under Attorney General Charles Bonaparte. Post Prohibition in 1933
former bootleggers turned to other crimes. In 1932 the FBI created a crime laboratory and made
it accessible to state and local police. In 1967 the FBI made the National Crime Information
Center (NCIC) operational. The Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) was created in 1973 from
the Federal Bureau of Narcotics.
At the local level of criminal investigations one of the most notable figures is Chief August
22
@Aplusstuvia
, Vollmer of the Berkeley, CA Police Department. Some of his innovative ideas included:
officers on bicycles, motorcycles, and then patrol cars. He created the first centralized police
records system in the U.S. There was the use of soil fibers and soil to solve crimes and he
started the first school of laws of evidence. Then by 1914 officers communicated on radios. By
1916 he was teaching criminal justice at UC Berkeley and he was the first chief to require
officers to have a college degree. He outlawed “third degree” tactics in confessions; used the lie
detectors in investigations; and began using fingerprints to identify suspects.
@A
Forensic science or criminalistics used science to criminal investigations. Hans Gross of Graz,
Austria wrote the first major book of criminal investigations in 1863. It was translated to
English in 1906 under the title Criminal Investigations. Frenchman Edmond Locard established
the first forensic laboratory in Lyon in 1910. Locard’s exchange principle states when suspects
enter a scene something of themselves, hair, fibers will be left upon leaving.
pl
Technology flourished in the 19th Century and Alphonse Bertillion of the Paris Police
Department created the Bertillion system, also known as anthropometry, studied skeletal aspects
of the human body and noted it remained the same at full maturity. By the mid 1840’s,
Dactylography, the study of fingerprints, became a popular means of identifying suspects in
crime although it wasn’t until the late 19th Century it wasn’t learned that a person’s fingerprints
us
were unique and unchangeable. This discovery was made by Englishmen William j. Hershel and
Henry Fields.
The historic frequency in the U.S. of shootings made firearm identification extremely important.
Forensic science started studying comparisons of bullets, ammunition, design and function of
firearms, restoration of obliterated serial numbers on weapons, and distance of a fired gun from
st
the victim.
The Evolution of Research and Science in Forensic Science
The American Academy of Forensic Science (AAFS) was established in 1948. Expertise
includes pathology and biology, toxicology, criminalistics, questioned documents, forensic
uv
odontology, and anthropology. German physician Paul Uhlenhuth created serums to distinguish
different animal blood. Serology was established to study bloodstains and distinguish blood
from animals.
Forensic Pathology studies the cause of death through examination of the corpse and identity of
corpses. The pathologic process studies injury or disease that directly influenced or initiated a
person’s death. “Manner of death” in most jurisdictions is seen to be: homicide, accidental,
ia
natural, suicide, or undetermined. Autopsies collect trace evidence and identity of the deceased.
Pathologists examine and document wounds and injuries. They collect and examine tissue
specimens for natural disease such as asbestos in the lungs or gunpowder particles around a
gunshot wound. They also collect and interpret toxicological analyses of body tissues and fluids
to determine chemical causes of accidental overdoses or deliberate poisonings.
Criminal Investigation Research
23
@Aplusstuvia
Online Instructor’s Manual with Test Bank
for
pl
Criminal Investigation
us
Third Edition
Michael D. Lyman
Columbia College of Missouri
st
uv
ia
Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco
Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto
Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
i
@Aplusstuvia
, Chapter 1
Foundations of Criminal Investigations
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
@A
The beginning of this chapter focuses on the history of criminal investigation. It initially
recognizes that criminal investigation began in England and briefly reviews the beginnings if
policing by the Bow Street Runners of the Henry Fielding during the 1750’s to Sir Robert Peel’s
first paid police officers known as the “bobbies.”
After establishing the history of policing and criminal investigation in England it moves
pl
to the United States and discusses the history of criminal investigation in the United States. The
first police departments in America were Boston in 1837, New York in 1844, and Philadelphia
in 1854. Federal Initiatives for criminal investigators began in 1865 with the creation of the
United States Secret Service used to the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) was created in 1973
from the Federal Bureau of Narcotics.
The next section discusses the evolution of research and science in forensic science. It
reviews concepts such as serology and forensic pathology. The chapter moves forward covering
us
criminal investigations. It talks of the RAND and PERF studies of the early 1970’s and their
effect on police departments. Both of these studies make recommendations for police from first
arrival on scene of a crime to investigation past that point.
The next piece of the chapter reviewed is the objectives of criminal investigation. It
discusses what the purposes of police response to crime as well as how to look for evidence at
crime scenes. It further speaks of the using technological advances in evidence collection.
st
Then the chapter talks about reasoning. This reasoning section reviews inductive and
deductive reasoning when looking at a crime scene. It takes it further to the concept of
abduction when using reasoning to determine criminal activity
The chapter then takes a focus on the emergence of the police specialist at crime scenes,
types of investigations, crime scene investigators, and the modes of investigation. These are all
important discussions as to response to crime scenes, who should investigate, and how.
uv
The role of the criminal investigator becomes the next subject of discussion and it speaks
about good characteristics of an investigator. It goes further looking at how patrol officers can
make an impact at a crime scene not only as a first investigator but also how his/her role can
expedite solving the crime.
Solvability factors are the next subject. This section reviews the identification of leads in
a crime as well as the reporting system and how this could lead to better ways of finding the
ia
criminal.
The chapter then moves to the preliminary investigation to determine criminal activity.
Witnesses and physical evidence is pointed out as pivotal to the investigation. This section goes
further discussing investigative steps at crime scenes, witness statements, and how this can lead
to an arrest.
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
21
@Aplusstuvia
, 1. The History of Criminal Investigations
2. The Evolution in Research and Science in Forensic Science
3. Criminal Investigation Research
4. The Objectives of Criminal Investigation
5. Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
6. The Role of the Criminal Investigator
@A
7. Solvability Factors
8. The Preliminary Investigation
LECTURE OUTLINE
pl
The History of Criminal Investigation
Criminal investigation began in England and briefly reviews the beginnings if policing by the
Bow Street Runners of the Henry Fielding during the 1750’s to Sir Robert Peel’s first paid
police officers known as the “bobbies.” There is the recognition of Scotland Yard serving as the
headquarters of the London Metropolitan Police Department.
us
The first police departments in America were Boston in 1837, New York in 1844, and
Philadelphia in 1854. By 1870 there is a police department in every major city in the U.S. due
to the fact that each city had its own brand of violence, crime, and vice. Much of the crime and
violence came from fighting between the Protestants and the Catholics, immigrants and Native
Americans and the abolitionists and pro-slavery groups.
st
Scottish immigrant Allan Pinkerton founded the Pinkerton National Detective Agency in 1850.
The agency was developed to help local law enforcement in solving cases that they were unable
to investigate due to resources or incompetence. Pinkerton started a “rogues gallery” which was
a compilation of descriptions of suspects, their hideaways, methods of operation, and criminal
associates.
uv
Even during the time of Pinkerton the New York City Police had some 20 detectives of their
own. The NYPD had established their own “rogue gallery” of offenders and had over 700
photos of suspects. Chicago had its own Criminal Investigation Bureau in 1884 and Atlanta had
its own Detective Bureau in 1885.
Federal Initiatives for criminal investigators began in 1865 with the creation of the United States
ia
Secret Service used to investigate counterfeiting. During the 1920’s the Bureau of the Internal
Revenue was created to enforce Prohibition. The FBI originated from a force of agents of the
Department of Justice under Attorney General Charles Bonaparte. Post Prohibition in 1933
former bootleggers turned to other crimes. In 1932 the FBI created a crime laboratory and made
it accessible to state and local police. In 1967 the FBI made the National Crime Information
Center (NCIC) operational. The Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) was created in 1973 from
the Federal Bureau of Narcotics.
At the local level of criminal investigations one of the most notable figures is Chief August
22
@Aplusstuvia
, Vollmer of the Berkeley, CA Police Department. Some of his innovative ideas included:
officers on bicycles, motorcycles, and then patrol cars. He created the first centralized police
records system in the U.S. There was the use of soil fibers and soil to solve crimes and he
started the first school of laws of evidence. Then by 1914 officers communicated on radios. By
1916 he was teaching criminal justice at UC Berkeley and he was the first chief to require
officers to have a college degree. He outlawed “third degree” tactics in confessions; used the lie
detectors in investigations; and began using fingerprints to identify suspects.
@A
Forensic science or criminalistics used science to criminal investigations. Hans Gross of Graz,
Austria wrote the first major book of criminal investigations in 1863. It was translated to
English in 1906 under the title Criminal Investigations. Frenchman Edmond Locard established
the first forensic laboratory in Lyon in 1910. Locard’s exchange principle states when suspects
enter a scene something of themselves, hair, fibers will be left upon leaving.
pl
Technology flourished in the 19th Century and Alphonse Bertillion of the Paris Police
Department created the Bertillion system, also known as anthropometry, studied skeletal aspects
of the human body and noted it remained the same at full maturity. By the mid 1840’s,
Dactylography, the study of fingerprints, became a popular means of identifying suspects in
crime although it wasn’t until the late 19th Century it wasn’t learned that a person’s fingerprints
us
were unique and unchangeable. This discovery was made by Englishmen William j. Hershel and
Henry Fields.
The historic frequency in the U.S. of shootings made firearm identification extremely important.
Forensic science started studying comparisons of bullets, ammunition, design and function of
firearms, restoration of obliterated serial numbers on weapons, and distance of a fired gun from
st
the victim.
The Evolution of Research and Science in Forensic Science
The American Academy of Forensic Science (AAFS) was established in 1948. Expertise
includes pathology and biology, toxicology, criminalistics, questioned documents, forensic
uv
odontology, and anthropology. German physician Paul Uhlenhuth created serums to distinguish
different animal blood. Serology was established to study bloodstains and distinguish blood
from animals.
Forensic Pathology studies the cause of death through examination of the corpse and identity of
corpses. The pathologic process studies injury or disease that directly influenced or initiated a
person’s death. “Manner of death” in most jurisdictions is seen to be: homicide, accidental,
ia
natural, suicide, or undetermined. Autopsies collect trace evidence and identity of the deceased.
Pathologists examine and document wounds and injuries. They collect and examine tissue
specimens for natural disease such as asbestos in the lungs or gunpowder particles around a
gunshot wound. They also collect and interpret toxicological analyses of body tissues and fluids
to determine chemical causes of accidental overdoses or deliberate poisonings.
Criminal Investigation Research
23
@Aplusstuvia
