CWCA NEWEST 2026/2027 EXAM WITH QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+ AND 100% GUARANTEE PASS
what is force acting tangentially on an area of an object? - ANSWER shear force
skin remains stationary and the tissues below the skin (fat/muscle) are deformed or distorted is an
example of: ____________ - ANSWER shear force
what do shear stresses on a tissue do? - ANSWER decrease the ability to withstand normal loads
-tissue subjected to shear force can suffer ischemia at only HALF the pressure than without shear
the resistance to motion in a parallel direction relative to the common boundary of 2 surfaces is:
___________ - ANSWER friction
what is friction pressure usually associated with? - ANSWER skin/bedding on skin/seating cushion
interfaces
temperatures of ____ cause increased perspiration, increasing the maceration risk of the skin and
increasing the pH - ANSWER 95 deg. F
what is the normal skin pH?
what about urine and feces? - ANSWER 4-6.5
-urine is around 6.8 and feces around 7-7.5 --> tend to be closer to a neutral pH
what are the 3 elements that lead to the development of an actual pressure ulcer? - ANSWER -
intensity of pressure & vascular occlusion
-duration of the pressure AND
-tissue tolerance
what is normal capillary blood pressure?
what happens if external pressure exceeds capillary blood pressure? - ANSWER 12-32 mmHg
, -if external pressure exceeds capillary blood pressure --> blood flow is impeded --> ischemia and
breakdown occur
tissue damage was thought to be caused by compression of capillaries, known as ________
_________ _________ - ANSWER capillary closing pressure
what happens if pressure to the skin is relieved within a few hours? - ANSWER a brief period of
reactive hyperemia occurs (redness) with NO lasting tissue damage
-will have blanching
what happens if pressure to the skin is unrelieved? - ANSWER the endothelial cells lining the
capillaries become disrupted with platelet aggregation --> forming micro-thrombi that BLOCK blood
flow and cause anoxic necrosis of surrounding tissue
what is more sensitive to pressure: muscle or skin? - ANSWER muscle is more sensitive to pressure
what is considered hypoalbuminia and why is this important? - ANSWER <3.4 g/dL --> important
because malnutrition can lead to increased risk at developing a pressure ulcer
what are the common locations of pressure ulcers in supine position? - ANSWER occiput, scapula,
sacrum, heels
what are the common locations of pressure ulcers in sidelying (lateral)? - ANSWER ear, acromion
process, elbow, trochanter, medial and lateral epicondyles and malleoli, heels
what are the common locations of pressure ulcers in prone? - ANSWER elbow, ear, cheek, nose,
breasts/genitals, iliac crest, patella, toes
what is the scale used to assess who is AT RISK of developing a pressure ulcer?
what is the cut-off?
what is it out of? - ANSWER Branden Scale Score (done by nursing staff)
cut off: 16-18 --> trigger alternative mattresses and nursing interventions
out of 23 (the lower the score the WORSE)
ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+ AND 100% GUARANTEE PASS
what is force acting tangentially on an area of an object? - ANSWER shear force
skin remains stationary and the tissues below the skin (fat/muscle) are deformed or distorted is an
example of: ____________ - ANSWER shear force
what do shear stresses on a tissue do? - ANSWER decrease the ability to withstand normal loads
-tissue subjected to shear force can suffer ischemia at only HALF the pressure than without shear
the resistance to motion in a parallel direction relative to the common boundary of 2 surfaces is:
___________ - ANSWER friction
what is friction pressure usually associated with? - ANSWER skin/bedding on skin/seating cushion
interfaces
temperatures of ____ cause increased perspiration, increasing the maceration risk of the skin and
increasing the pH - ANSWER 95 deg. F
what is the normal skin pH?
what about urine and feces? - ANSWER 4-6.5
-urine is around 6.8 and feces around 7-7.5 --> tend to be closer to a neutral pH
what are the 3 elements that lead to the development of an actual pressure ulcer? - ANSWER -
intensity of pressure & vascular occlusion
-duration of the pressure AND
-tissue tolerance
what is normal capillary blood pressure?
what happens if external pressure exceeds capillary blood pressure? - ANSWER 12-32 mmHg
, -if external pressure exceeds capillary blood pressure --> blood flow is impeded --> ischemia and
breakdown occur
tissue damage was thought to be caused by compression of capillaries, known as ________
_________ _________ - ANSWER capillary closing pressure
what happens if pressure to the skin is relieved within a few hours? - ANSWER a brief period of
reactive hyperemia occurs (redness) with NO lasting tissue damage
-will have blanching
what happens if pressure to the skin is unrelieved? - ANSWER the endothelial cells lining the
capillaries become disrupted with platelet aggregation --> forming micro-thrombi that BLOCK blood
flow and cause anoxic necrosis of surrounding tissue
what is more sensitive to pressure: muscle or skin? - ANSWER muscle is more sensitive to pressure
what is considered hypoalbuminia and why is this important? - ANSWER <3.4 g/dL --> important
because malnutrition can lead to increased risk at developing a pressure ulcer
what are the common locations of pressure ulcers in supine position? - ANSWER occiput, scapula,
sacrum, heels
what are the common locations of pressure ulcers in sidelying (lateral)? - ANSWER ear, acromion
process, elbow, trochanter, medial and lateral epicondyles and malleoli, heels
what are the common locations of pressure ulcers in prone? - ANSWER elbow, ear, cheek, nose,
breasts/genitals, iliac crest, patella, toes
what is the scale used to assess who is AT RISK of developing a pressure ulcer?
what is the cut-off?
what is it out of? - ANSWER Branden Scale Score (done by nursing staff)
cut off: 16-18 --> trigger alternative mattresses and nursing interventions
out of 23 (the lower the score the WORSE)
