NUR-641E Midterm Exam Study Guide
Note: When taking the midterm exam, read each question carefully. The exam questions have
only one answer, unless the question specifically states there is more than one correct answer.
For the exam, make sure to have a clear understanding and be able to explain the following:
• Prodrug and how it differs from active drugs.
• Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics.
• The Cytochrome P450 system.
• That Clopidogrel (Plavix) is a prodrug and must be activated by hepatic CYP2C19
metabolism; individuals who are poor metabolizers may not form the active metabolite and
have reduced antiplatelet response.
• Half-life and steady state.
• Drug administration routes and their onset.
• CVA and risk factors.
• Anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin, apixaban, heparin, Pradaxa). Mechanism of action, onset of
action, monitoring, what blood factors they inhibit. Understand reversal agents/antidotes.
• Blood factor Xa inhibitors.
• Pulmonary emboli.
• Asthma and treatments.
• Pathophysiologic factors that increase respiratory rate.
• ABGs for metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory alkalosis, and respiratory
acidosis and causes of these disorders.
• COPD and stepwise therapy (additions to current COPD medications) in its treatment.
• Hypoxemia at altitude (reduced oxygen inspiration).
• How pulmonary arterial hypertension is associated with right ventricular hypertrophy and an
enlarged pulmonary artery.
• The cause of upper and lower respiratory tract infections, especially pneumonia.
• The elements involved in the action potential of myocardial tissue.
• Tuberculosis and its epidemiology in the world.
• Pulmonary TB is often associated with caseous necrosis.
• Isoniazid (INH) uses, side effects.
• Side effects of multidrug therapy/polypharmacy.
• Differences between vertical and horizontal transmission of organisms.
©2023. Grand Canyon University. All Rights Reserved.
Downloaded by Great Mind ()
Note: When taking the midterm exam, read each question carefully. The exam questions have
only one answer, unless the question specifically states there is more than one correct answer.
For the exam, make sure to have a clear understanding and be able to explain the following:
• Prodrug and how it differs from active drugs.
• Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics.
• The Cytochrome P450 system.
• That Clopidogrel (Plavix) is a prodrug and must be activated by hepatic CYP2C19
metabolism; individuals who are poor metabolizers may not form the active metabolite and
have reduced antiplatelet response.
• Half-life and steady state.
• Drug administration routes and their onset.
• CVA and risk factors.
• Anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin, apixaban, heparin, Pradaxa). Mechanism of action, onset of
action, monitoring, what blood factors they inhibit. Understand reversal agents/antidotes.
• Blood factor Xa inhibitors.
• Pulmonary emboli.
• Asthma and treatments.
• Pathophysiologic factors that increase respiratory rate.
• ABGs for metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory alkalosis, and respiratory
acidosis and causes of these disorders.
• COPD and stepwise therapy (additions to current COPD medications) in its treatment.
• Hypoxemia at altitude (reduced oxygen inspiration).
• How pulmonary arterial hypertension is associated with right ventricular hypertrophy and an
enlarged pulmonary artery.
• The cause of upper and lower respiratory tract infections, especially pneumonia.
• The elements involved in the action potential of myocardial tissue.
• Tuberculosis and its epidemiology in the world.
• Pulmonary TB is often associated with caseous necrosis.
• Isoniazid (INH) uses, side effects.
• Side effects of multidrug therapy/polypharmacy.
• Differences between vertical and horizontal transmission of organisms.
©2023. Grand Canyon University. All Rights Reserved.
Downloaded by Great Mind ()
