1
BIO 201- Exam 4: Advanced Human
Anatomy & Physiology II Comprehensive
Examination Questions and Answers | 100%
Pass Guaranteed | Graded A+
Questions 1-200
1. Which of the following best describes the primary mechanism by which the renin-
angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) responds to a significant decrease in renal blood
pressure?
A. The liver directly releases angiotensin II into the bloodstream.
B. The adrenal cortex releases aldosterone, which directly stimulates vasoconstriction.
C. The juxtaglomerular cells release renin, which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
D. The posterior pituitary releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to increase blood volume.
☑ Correct Answer: C
☑ Explanation: A decrease in renal blood pressure stimulates the juxtaglomerular (JG)
cells of the kidney to release renin. Renin is an enzyme that cleaves angiotensinogen (produced
,2
by the liver) to form angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is then converted to angiotensin II by
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in the lungs. Option A is incorrect because the liver
produces angiotensinogen, not angiotensin II. Option B describes the effect of aldosterone, but
its release is a downstream effect of RAAS, not the primary initial response. Option D refers to
the action of ADH, which is a separate mechanism for blood pressure regulation
(osmoregulation).
2. A patient is diagnosed with a tumor that secretes excessive amounts of aldosterone. Which
set of laboratory findings would be most consistent with this condition?
A. Hypernatremia, hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis
B. Hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, and metabolic acidosis
C. Hypernatremia, hyperkalemia, and metabolic acidosis
D. Hyponatremia, hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis
☑ Correct Answer: A
☑ Explanation: Aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in
the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct of the kidney. Its primary actions are on the
,3
principal cells. Excess aldosterone leads to increased Na+ reabsorption (causing hypernatremia),
increased K+ excretion (causing hypokalemia), and increased H+ excretion (leading to metabolic
alkalosis). Option B describes the opposite effects, which would be seen with conditions like
hypoaldosteronism or type IV renal tubular acidosis. Options C and D present incorrect
combinations of these electrolyte and acid-base imbalances.
3. A researcher is studying the effect of a novel drug that blocks the action of ADH
(vasopressin) at the V2 receptors in the kidney. Which of the following physiological
outcomes would be expected in a patient administered this drug?
A. Increased water permeability of the collecting duct
B. Increased insertion of aquaporin-2 channels into the apical membrane
C. Production of a large volume of dilute urine
D. Significant increase in blood pressure due to vasoconstriction
☑ Correct Answer: C
☑ Explanation: ADH binds to V2 receptors on the cells of the collecting duct, triggering
a signaling cascade that leads to the insertion of aquaporin-2 water channels into the apical
, 4
membrane. This increases water reabsorption, concentrating the urine and decreasing volume.
Blocking this action prevents the insertion of aquaporin-2 channels, resulting in decreased water
reabsorption and thus the production of a large volume of dilute urine (diuresis). Option A and B
describe the effects of ADH, not its blockage. Option D describes the action of ADH on V1
receptors on vascular smooth muscle, which cause vasoconstriction; blocking V2 receptors
would not have this effect.
4. During the respiratory system's role in acid-base balance, if a patient experiences severe
hypoventilation due to a drug overdose, what is the primary compensatory mechanism that
the kidneys will employ to restore pH balance?
A. Increased reabsorption of bicarbonate in the proximal convoluted tubule.
B. Excretion of more bicarbonate ions in the urine.
C. Decreased secretion of hydrogen ions into the tubular fluid.
D. Increased production of ammonia to buffer hydrogen ions in the collecting duct.
☑ Correct Answer: A
☑ Explanation: Hypoventilation leads to an accumulation of CO2, which is converted to
BIO 201- Exam 4: Advanced Human
Anatomy & Physiology II Comprehensive
Examination Questions and Answers | 100%
Pass Guaranteed | Graded A+
Questions 1-200
1. Which of the following best describes the primary mechanism by which the renin-
angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) responds to a significant decrease in renal blood
pressure?
A. The liver directly releases angiotensin II into the bloodstream.
B. The adrenal cortex releases aldosterone, which directly stimulates vasoconstriction.
C. The juxtaglomerular cells release renin, which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
D. The posterior pituitary releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to increase blood volume.
☑ Correct Answer: C
☑ Explanation: A decrease in renal blood pressure stimulates the juxtaglomerular (JG)
cells of the kidney to release renin. Renin is an enzyme that cleaves angiotensinogen (produced
,2
by the liver) to form angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is then converted to angiotensin II by
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in the lungs. Option A is incorrect because the liver
produces angiotensinogen, not angiotensin II. Option B describes the effect of aldosterone, but
its release is a downstream effect of RAAS, not the primary initial response. Option D refers to
the action of ADH, which is a separate mechanism for blood pressure regulation
(osmoregulation).
2. A patient is diagnosed with a tumor that secretes excessive amounts of aldosterone. Which
set of laboratory findings would be most consistent with this condition?
A. Hypernatremia, hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis
B. Hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, and metabolic acidosis
C. Hypernatremia, hyperkalemia, and metabolic acidosis
D. Hyponatremia, hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis
☑ Correct Answer: A
☑ Explanation: Aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in
the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct of the kidney. Its primary actions are on the
,3
principal cells. Excess aldosterone leads to increased Na+ reabsorption (causing hypernatremia),
increased K+ excretion (causing hypokalemia), and increased H+ excretion (leading to metabolic
alkalosis). Option B describes the opposite effects, which would be seen with conditions like
hypoaldosteronism or type IV renal tubular acidosis. Options C and D present incorrect
combinations of these electrolyte and acid-base imbalances.
3. A researcher is studying the effect of a novel drug that blocks the action of ADH
(vasopressin) at the V2 receptors in the kidney. Which of the following physiological
outcomes would be expected in a patient administered this drug?
A. Increased water permeability of the collecting duct
B. Increased insertion of aquaporin-2 channels into the apical membrane
C. Production of a large volume of dilute urine
D. Significant increase in blood pressure due to vasoconstriction
☑ Correct Answer: C
☑ Explanation: ADH binds to V2 receptors on the cells of the collecting duct, triggering
a signaling cascade that leads to the insertion of aquaporin-2 water channels into the apical
, 4
membrane. This increases water reabsorption, concentrating the urine and decreasing volume.
Blocking this action prevents the insertion of aquaporin-2 channels, resulting in decreased water
reabsorption and thus the production of a large volume of dilute urine (diuresis). Option A and B
describe the effects of ADH, not its blockage. Option D describes the action of ADH on V1
receptors on vascular smooth muscle, which cause vasoconstriction; blocking V2 receptors
would not have this effect.
4. During the respiratory system's role in acid-base balance, if a patient experiences severe
hypoventilation due to a drug overdose, what is the primary compensatory mechanism that
the kidneys will employ to restore pH balance?
A. Increased reabsorption of bicarbonate in the proximal convoluted tubule.
B. Excretion of more bicarbonate ions in the urine.
C. Decreased secretion of hydrogen ions into the tubular fluid.
D. Increased production of ammonia to buffer hydrogen ions in the collecting duct.
☑ Correct Answer: A
☑ Explanation: Hypoventilation leads to an accumulation of CO2, which is converted to
