1
ANP 1106 Human Anatomy and Physiology
II Midterm 1 Midterm 2 Final Bundled
Exam Actual 2026/2027 with Detailed
Rationales | Complete Exam-Style Questions |
Pass Guaranteed – A+ Graded
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section 1 | The Endocrine System | Q1 – Q10
Section 2 | The Cardiovascular System — Blood & Heart | Q11 – Q20
Section 3 | The Cardiovascular System — Blood Vessels & Circulation |
Q21 – Q28
Section 4 | The Respiratory, Digestive, and Renal Systems | Q29 – Q38
Section 5 | The Reproductive Systems & Integrated Case Analysis | Q39
– Q50
Instructions: Choose the single best answer. Pass: 40 in 90 minutes.
══════════════════════════════════════
SECTION 1: THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Q1 – Q10
══════════════════════════════════════
Question 1 of 50
,2
A 45-year-old patient presents to the clinic with severe polyuria and
polydipsia following a basal skull fracture. Blood work reveals
hypernatremia and highly dilute urine. The physician suspects damage to
the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract, which directly impacts the release
of a specific hormone stored in the posterior pituitary.
A. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is primarily responsible for
water reabsorption in the collecting ducts
B. Oxytocin stimulates the contraction of smooth muscle in the uterine
wall during labor
C. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) acts on the kidneys to increase water
reabsorption to concentrate urine ✓ CORRECT
D. Aldosterone regulates sodium retention in the distal convoluted
tubule under posterior pituitary control
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The hypothalamus produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and
oxytocin, which are stored and released from the posterior pituitary.
ADH acts on the kidneys to increase water reabsorption, thereby
regulating fluid balance and concentrating the urine. Oxytocin is indeed
stored in the posterior pituitary and causes uterine contractions, but it
does not address the patient's severe water loss and dilute urine.
Question 2 of 50
A 32-year-old woman presents with a rounded "moon face," central
obesity, and a buffalo hump. Laboratory tests reveal elevated cortisol
,3
levels that do not suppress after high-dose dexamethasone
administration. This clinical presentation directly points to a dysfunction
in a specific layer of the adrenal cortex.
A. The zona glomerulosa secretes aldosterone, which is responsible for
this patient's fluid retention
B. The adrenal medulla is overproducing epinephrine, leading to fat
redistribution
C. The zona reticularis primarily secretes androgens, causing the male-
pattern changes seen here
D. The zona fasciculata is hypersecreting cortisol, leading to the
characteristic Cushingoid appearance ✓ CORRECT
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex is responsible for
the production of glucocorticoids, primarily cortisol, which promotes
gluconeogenesis and fat redistribution. Overproduction of cortisol leads
to the classic signs of Cushing's syndrome, including moon face, central
obesity, and a buffalo hump. Epinephrine is produced by the adrenal
medulla, not the cortex, and causes acute sympathetic responses rather
than chronic fat redistribution.
Question 3 of 50
A 55-year-old patient with hypothyroidism is prescribed levothyroxine,
a synthetic T4 hormone. Despite normal T4 levels in the blood, the
patient continues to exhibit symptoms of fatigue and cold intolerance.
, 4
The physician explains that T4 must be converted to an active form
within the target cells to exert its metabolic effects.
A. T4 is converted into triiodothyronine (T3), which binds to
intracellular receptors to alter gene transcription ✓ CORRECT
B. T4 binds directly to G-protein coupled receptors on the plasma
membrane to activate second messengers
C. T3 is converted from T4 in the bloodstream before entering the target
cells to bind to cytoplasmic receptors
D. T4 acts as a direct antagonist to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
at the receptor level to slow metabolism
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Thyroid hormones T3 and T4 are lipid-soluble and cross the
plasma membrane to bind to intracellular nuclear receptors, but T3 is the
biologically active form that binds with much higher affinity. T4 is
converted to T3 within the target tissues by deiodinase enzymes, and this
T3-receptor complex then binds to DNA to regulate gene transcription.
T4 and T3 do not use G-protein coupled receptors or second messengers,
which are characteristic of water-soluble hormones like epinephrine.
Question 4 of 50
A 19-year-old male arrives at the emergency department in a state of
diabetic ketoacidosis, characterized by a fruity breath odor, deep rapid
breathing (Kussmaul respirations), and elevated blood glucose. The
ANP 1106 Human Anatomy and Physiology
II Midterm 1 Midterm 2 Final Bundled
Exam Actual 2026/2027 with Detailed
Rationales | Complete Exam-Style Questions |
Pass Guaranteed – A+ Graded
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section 1 | The Endocrine System | Q1 – Q10
Section 2 | The Cardiovascular System — Blood & Heart | Q11 – Q20
Section 3 | The Cardiovascular System — Blood Vessels & Circulation |
Q21 – Q28
Section 4 | The Respiratory, Digestive, and Renal Systems | Q29 – Q38
Section 5 | The Reproductive Systems & Integrated Case Analysis | Q39
– Q50
Instructions: Choose the single best answer. Pass: 40 in 90 minutes.
══════════════════════════════════════
SECTION 1: THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Q1 – Q10
══════════════════════════════════════
Question 1 of 50
,2
A 45-year-old patient presents to the clinic with severe polyuria and
polydipsia following a basal skull fracture. Blood work reveals
hypernatremia and highly dilute urine. The physician suspects damage to
the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract, which directly impacts the release
of a specific hormone stored in the posterior pituitary.
A. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is primarily responsible for
water reabsorption in the collecting ducts
B. Oxytocin stimulates the contraction of smooth muscle in the uterine
wall during labor
C. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) acts on the kidneys to increase water
reabsorption to concentrate urine ✓ CORRECT
D. Aldosterone regulates sodium retention in the distal convoluted
tubule under posterior pituitary control
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The hypothalamus produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and
oxytocin, which are stored and released from the posterior pituitary.
ADH acts on the kidneys to increase water reabsorption, thereby
regulating fluid balance and concentrating the urine. Oxytocin is indeed
stored in the posterior pituitary and causes uterine contractions, but it
does not address the patient's severe water loss and dilute urine.
Question 2 of 50
A 32-year-old woman presents with a rounded "moon face," central
obesity, and a buffalo hump. Laboratory tests reveal elevated cortisol
,3
levels that do not suppress after high-dose dexamethasone
administration. This clinical presentation directly points to a dysfunction
in a specific layer of the adrenal cortex.
A. The zona glomerulosa secretes aldosterone, which is responsible for
this patient's fluid retention
B. The adrenal medulla is overproducing epinephrine, leading to fat
redistribution
C. The zona reticularis primarily secretes androgens, causing the male-
pattern changes seen here
D. The zona fasciculata is hypersecreting cortisol, leading to the
characteristic Cushingoid appearance ✓ CORRECT
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex is responsible for
the production of glucocorticoids, primarily cortisol, which promotes
gluconeogenesis and fat redistribution. Overproduction of cortisol leads
to the classic signs of Cushing's syndrome, including moon face, central
obesity, and a buffalo hump. Epinephrine is produced by the adrenal
medulla, not the cortex, and causes acute sympathetic responses rather
than chronic fat redistribution.
Question 3 of 50
A 55-year-old patient with hypothyroidism is prescribed levothyroxine,
a synthetic T4 hormone. Despite normal T4 levels in the blood, the
patient continues to exhibit symptoms of fatigue and cold intolerance.
, 4
The physician explains that T4 must be converted to an active form
within the target cells to exert its metabolic effects.
A. T4 is converted into triiodothyronine (T3), which binds to
intracellular receptors to alter gene transcription ✓ CORRECT
B. T4 binds directly to G-protein coupled receptors on the plasma
membrane to activate second messengers
C. T3 is converted from T4 in the bloodstream before entering the target
cells to bind to cytoplasmic receptors
D. T4 acts as a direct antagonist to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
at the receptor level to slow metabolism
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Thyroid hormones T3 and T4 are lipid-soluble and cross the
plasma membrane to bind to intracellular nuclear receptors, but T3 is the
biologically active form that binds with much higher affinity. T4 is
converted to T3 within the target tissues by deiodinase enzymes, and this
T3-receptor complex then binds to DNA to regulate gene transcription.
T4 and T3 do not use G-protein coupled receptors or second messengers,
which are characteristic of water-soluble hormones like epinephrine.
Question 4 of 50
A 19-year-old male arrives at the emergency department in a state of
diabetic ketoacidosis, characterized by a fruity breath odor, deep rapid
breathing (Kussmaul respirations), and elevated blood glucose. The
