OB #1
-non interventionalists
-physician only consulted for medical or surgical intervention
midwives -focus on normalcy of birth process
-only low risk pregnancies
-usually staffed by nurses/midwives
birth centers -home like accommodations
-some emergency equipment available but out of view
-"women's servant"
-provide support***
doula -no clinical care
stimulates growth of ovarian follicles
follicle stimulating hormone during
menstruation
-stimulates growth of endometrial lining
-stimulating hormone***
estrogen during menstruation -increases number of cells, increases breast size, etc...
luteinizing hormone during surge results in ovulation
menstruation
HCG maintains corpus luteum
-secreted by the corpus luteum
-relaxation hormone***
progesterone during menstruation -matures cell, relaxes uterus, ripens uterine lining, etc...
-first menstruation
menarche -initially irregular, unpredictable, painless, and anovulatory
-FSH stimulates growth of ovarian follicles (egg)
-as follicle matures estrogen levels increase, which stimulates a sudden
hypothalamus-pituitary cycle release of LH
-this is known as a "surge" which equals ovulation
1. follicular phase
2. ovulation
-variable
ovarian cycle 3. luteal phase
-fixed
-time when endometrium grows and matures in order to provide an
optimal environment for a fertilized ovum to implant
endometrial cycle -if no fertilization occurs the endometrium sheds, known as menstruation
1. menstrual phase
-shedding of epithelial layers
2. proliferative phase
-rapid endometrial growth
3. secretory phase
4 phases of endometrial cycle -matures endometrial lining
4. ischemic phase
-if egg not fertilized=shedding
XX female
XY male
phenotype outward appearance or expression of genes
genotype actual genetic makeup of an organism
genome complete set of genes/DNA in an organism
homozygous two like genes for a trait
, OB #1
heterozygous two different genes for a trait
dominant expressed trait even if only one allele present
recessive masked unless both alleles are recessive
-dominant gene causes disease expression
-one parent usually has the disease
autosomal dominance -both sexes equally affected
-disorder occurs only if two recessive genes are present
autosomal recessive -carriers are healthy but carry the gene
-passes on the X chromosome (female)
X-linked dominant -one gene= symptoms
-most X linked disorders are recessive
-females are less affected usually (normal second X blocks disorder)
X-linked recessive -more common in males (b/c they only have one X)
-visual map of chromosomes
-blood sample or scarping of cells from buccal membrane
karyotyping -stained, magnified, and photographed
-blood test, 15 to 20 weeks
-screens for neural tube defects
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) -glycoprotein produced by the fetal liver, present in amniotic fluid, if
elevated may have NTD
-after 15 weeks, detects NTDs, risk of complications due to being
amniocentesis invasive
-10 to 13 weeks
-cannot dx NTDs
chorionic villi sampling (CVS) -invasive
-tests placental tissue
-maternal blood screen
-11 to 13 weeks
cell free fetal DNA screen -positive results need follow up with CVS or amniocentesis
-location: outer 1/3 of the fallopian tube
-high estrogen during ovulation increases tube contractility, thins cervical
mucus, and helps sperm reach ovum (4-6 hrs)
-sperm penetration: takes 20-30 seconds, only one sperm enters, head
detaches
fertilization -after penetration: ovum matures, male and female pronuclei unite to
form a zygote (genetic material is paired, chromosomal abnormalities can
occur here)
-zygote spends 24 hrs in ampulla
-reaches uterus in 3 to 4 days
early embryo development -divides rapidly (zygote -> morula -> blastocyst)
-trophoblasts=placenta
-6 to 10 days after fertilization
-endometrium thickens and becomes vascular
-blastocyst burrows into endometrium (fundal region) = implantation
implantation -may have light bleeding
primary germ layers ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
-non interventionalists
-physician only consulted for medical or surgical intervention
midwives -focus on normalcy of birth process
-only low risk pregnancies
-usually staffed by nurses/midwives
birth centers -home like accommodations
-some emergency equipment available but out of view
-"women's servant"
-provide support***
doula -no clinical care
stimulates growth of ovarian follicles
follicle stimulating hormone during
menstruation
-stimulates growth of endometrial lining
-stimulating hormone***
estrogen during menstruation -increases number of cells, increases breast size, etc...
luteinizing hormone during surge results in ovulation
menstruation
HCG maintains corpus luteum
-secreted by the corpus luteum
-relaxation hormone***
progesterone during menstruation -matures cell, relaxes uterus, ripens uterine lining, etc...
-first menstruation
menarche -initially irregular, unpredictable, painless, and anovulatory
-FSH stimulates growth of ovarian follicles (egg)
-as follicle matures estrogen levels increase, which stimulates a sudden
hypothalamus-pituitary cycle release of LH
-this is known as a "surge" which equals ovulation
1. follicular phase
2. ovulation
-variable
ovarian cycle 3. luteal phase
-fixed
-time when endometrium grows and matures in order to provide an
optimal environment for a fertilized ovum to implant
endometrial cycle -if no fertilization occurs the endometrium sheds, known as menstruation
1. menstrual phase
-shedding of epithelial layers
2. proliferative phase
-rapid endometrial growth
3. secretory phase
4 phases of endometrial cycle -matures endometrial lining
4. ischemic phase
-if egg not fertilized=shedding
XX female
XY male
phenotype outward appearance or expression of genes
genotype actual genetic makeup of an organism
genome complete set of genes/DNA in an organism
homozygous two like genes for a trait
, OB #1
heterozygous two different genes for a trait
dominant expressed trait even if only one allele present
recessive masked unless both alleles are recessive
-dominant gene causes disease expression
-one parent usually has the disease
autosomal dominance -both sexes equally affected
-disorder occurs only if two recessive genes are present
autosomal recessive -carriers are healthy but carry the gene
-passes on the X chromosome (female)
X-linked dominant -one gene= symptoms
-most X linked disorders are recessive
-females are less affected usually (normal second X blocks disorder)
X-linked recessive -more common in males (b/c they only have one X)
-visual map of chromosomes
-blood sample or scarping of cells from buccal membrane
karyotyping -stained, magnified, and photographed
-blood test, 15 to 20 weeks
-screens for neural tube defects
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) -glycoprotein produced by the fetal liver, present in amniotic fluid, if
elevated may have NTD
-after 15 weeks, detects NTDs, risk of complications due to being
amniocentesis invasive
-10 to 13 weeks
-cannot dx NTDs
chorionic villi sampling (CVS) -invasive
-tests placental tissue
-maternal blood screen
-11 to 13 weeks
cell free fetal DNA screen -positive results need follow up with CVS or amniocentesis
-location: outer 1/3 of the fallopian tube
-high estrogen during ovulation increases tube contractility, thins cervical
mucus, and helps sperm reach ovum (4-6 hrs)
-sperm penetration: takes 20-30 seconds, only one sperm enters, head
detaches
fertilization -after penetration: ovum matures, male and female pronuclei unite to
form a zygote (genetic material is paired, chromosomal abnormalities can
occur here)
-zygote spends 24 hrs in ampulla
-reaches uterus in 3 to 4 days
early embryo development -divides rapidly (zygote -> morula -> blastocyst)
-trophoblasts=placenta
-6 to 10 days after fertilization
-endometrium thickens and becomes vascular
-blastocyst burrows into endometrium (fundal region) = implantation
implantation -may have light bleeding
primary germ layers ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
