NSG 5140 Midterm Exam Review:
Advanced Pathophysiology with
questions and well verified answers
actual exam!!! 2026
B Lymphocytes - ANSWER -B cells differentiate into plasma cells which produce
antibodies, central to humoral immunity.
Hallmark of Reversible Cellular Injury - ANSWER -Reversible injury often involves failure
of ion pumps leading to water influx and cell swelling.
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) - ANSWER -IL-1 acts on the hypothalamus to raise the body
temperature set point, causing fever.
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus - ANSWER -Type 1 DM is an autoimmune condition where T-
cells destroy insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.
Cardinal Sign of Acute Inflammation - ANSWER -Redness (rubor) results from
vasodilation and increased blood flow to the inflamed area.
Sodium-Potassium Pump - ANSWER -The sodium-potassium pump moves 3 Na⁺ ions out
and 2 K⁺ ions into the cell, creating an electrochemical gradient essential for membrane
potential.
Mitochondria - ANSWER -Mitochondria are known as the 'powerhouse' of the cell due
to their role in oxidative phosphorylation and ATP generation.
,Metabolic Acidosis Lab Values - ANSWER -In metabolic acidosis, there is a loss of
bicarbonate or accumulation of acids, lowering both bicarbonate and pH.
Down Syndrome - ANSWER -Trisomy 21 leads to Down syndrome, characterized by
developmental delays and distinct facial features.
Liquefactive Necrosis - ANSWER -In the brain, ischemic injury leads to enzymatic
digestion of dead cells resulting in liquefactive necrosis.
IgM - ANSWER -IgM is the first antibody produced and is effective in agglutination and
complement activation.
Oncogene - ANSWER -Oncogenes are mutated proto-oncogenes that drive unregulated
cell proliferation.
Hypokalemia - ANSWER -Low potassium levels disturb the cardiac action potential,
increasing the risk of arrhythmias.
Type III Hypersensitivity - ANSWER -SLE involves immune complex deposition (Type III),
leading to widespread inflammation and tissue damage.
Frontal Lobe - ANSWER -The primary motor cortex, located in the frontal lobe, initiates
voluntary movement.
Impaired tissue perfusion - ANSWER -Shock results in inadequate delivery of oxygen and
nutrients to tissues, causing cellular dysfunction.
Bronchoconstriction and mucus production - ANSWER -Asthma involves
hyperresponsiveness, smooth muscle constriction, and increased mucus, narrowing the
airway.
Apoptosis - ANSWER -Apoptosis is an orderly process for removing damaged or
unneeded cells without inflammation.
, Atherosclerotic plaque rupture - ANSWER -Plaque rupture leads to thrombus formation,
blocking coronary arteries and causing infarction.
Serum creatinine - ANSWER -Creatinine is a waste product filtered by the kidneys;
elevated levels suggest impaired renal function.
Aldosterone - ANSWER -Aldosterone promotes Na⁺ reabsorption and K⁺ loss in the distal
nephron to increase blood volume.
Hypovolemic shock - ANSWER -Hypovolemic shock occurs when blood or fluid loss
reduces preload and cardiac output.
Frank-Starling law of the heart - ANSWER -Stretching of myocardial fibers improves
contractile force, increasing output.
Elevated LDL cholesterol - ANSWER -LDL contributes to plaque formation in arterial
walls, promoting atherosclerosis.
Pulmonary edema - ANSWER -Left-sided failure backs up blood into the lungs, causing
fluid accumulation and respiratory symptoms.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) - ANSWER -PTH increases serum calcium by acting on
bones, kidneys, and intestines.
Demyelination of CNS neurons - ANSWER -MS involves immune-mediated destruction
of myelin in the CNS, impairing nerve conduction.
Parkinson's disease - ANSWER -Parkinson's results from degeneration of dopaminergic
neurons, affecting movement.
Decreased erythropoietin production - ANSWER -Kidneys fail to produce erythropoietin,
reducing RBC synthesis in the bone marrow.
Moon face and central obesity - ANSWER -Excess cortisol leads to characteristic fat
distribution and other systemic effects.
Advanced Pathophysiology with
questions and well verified answers
actual exam!!! 2026
B Lymphocytes - ANSWER -B cells differentiate into plasma cells which produce
antibodies, central to humoral immunity.
Hallmark of Reversible Cellular Injury - ANSWER -Reversible injury often involves failure
of ion pumps leading to water influx and cell swelling.
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) - ANSWER -IL-1 acts on the hypothalamus to raise the body
temperature set point, causing fever.
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus - ANSWER -Type 1 DM is an autoimmune condition where T-
cells destroy insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.
Cardinal Sign of Acute Inflammation - ANSWER -Redness (rubor) results from
vasodilation and increased blood flow to the inflamed area.
Sodium-Potassium Pump - ANSWER -The sodium-potassium pump moves 3 Na⁺ ions out
and 2 K⁺ ions into the cell, creating an electrochemical gradient essential for membrane
potential.
Mitochondria - ANSWER -Mitochondria are known as the 'powerhouse' of the cell due
to their role in oxidative phosphorylation and ATP generation.
,Metabolic Acidosis Lab Values - ANSWER -In metabolic acidosis, there is a loss of
bicarbonate or accumulation of acids, lowering both bicarbonate and pH.
Down Syndrome - ANSWER -Trisomy 21 leads to Down syndrome, characterized by
developmental delays and distinct facial features.
Liquefactive Necrosis - ANSWER -In the brain, ischemic injury leads to enzymatic
digestion of dead cells resulting in liquefactive necrosis.
IgM - ANSWER -IgM is the first antibody produced and is effective in agglutination and
complement activation.
Oncogene - ANSWER -Oncogenes are mutated proto-oncogenes that drive unregulated
cell proliferation.
Hypokalemia - ANSWER -Low potassium levels disturb the cardiac action potential,
increasing the risk of arrhythmias.
Type III Hypersensitivity - ANSWER -SLE involves immune complex deposition (Type III),
leading to widespread inflammation and tissue damage.
Frontal Lobe - ANSWER -The primary motor cortex, located in the frontal lobe, initiates
voluntary movement.
Impaired tissue perfusion - ANSWER -Shock results in inadequate delivery of oxygen and
nutrients to tissues, causing cellular dysfunction.
Bronchoconstriction and mucus production - ANSWER -Asthma involves
hyperresponsiveness, smooth muscle constriction, and increased mucus, narrowing the
airway.
Apoptosis - ANSWER -Apoptosis is an orderly process for removing damaged or
unneeded cells without inflammation.
, Atherosclerotic plaque rupture - ANSWER -Plaque rupture leads to thrombus formation,
blocking coronary arteries and causing infarction.
Serum creatinine - ANSWER -Creatinine is a waste product filtered by the kidneys;
elevated levels suggest impaired renal function.
Aldosterone - ANSWER -Aldosterone promotes Na⁺ reabsorption and K⁺ loss in the distal
nephron to increase blood volume.
Hypovolemic shock - ANSWER -Hypovolemic shock occurs when blood or fluid loss
reduces preload and cardiac output.
Frank-Starling law of the heart - ANSWER -Stretching of myocardial fibers improves
contractile force, increasing output.
Elevated LDL cholesterol - ANSWER -LDL contributes to plaque formation in arterial
walls, promoting atherosclerosis.
Pulmonary edema - ANSWER -Left-sided failure backs up blood into the lungs, causing
fluid accumulation and respiratory symptoms.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) - ANSWER -PTH increases serum calcium by acting on
bones, kidneys, and intestines.
Demyelination of CNS neurons - ANSWER -MS involves immune-mediated destruction
of myelin in the CNS, impairing nerve conduction.
Parkinson's disease - ANSWER -Parkinson's results from degeneration of dopaminergic
neurons, affecting movement.
Decreased erythropoietin production - ANSWER -Kidneys fail to produce erythropoietin,
reducing RBC synthesis in the bone marrow.
Moon face and central obesity - ANSWER -Excess cortisol leads to characteristic fat
distribution and other systemic effects.
