Cardiovascular System — Human Anatomy &
Physiology — Exam Notes, Study Guide, and
Practice Material
Components of the Cardiovascular System - Correct answer- - Heart - Blood vessels • arteries • capillaries • veins - Blood
Hematology - Correct answer- Is the study of blood and blood producing tissue.
Is blood a connective tissue? Does is differ from others?
Correct answer — It is a connective tissue that differs from the others because its matrix (plasma) is fluid, lacking fibers, not produced by
the tissue's cells.
How much blood does the average adult have?
Correct answer — 4-6 liters.
Blood Composition is made up of what?
Correct answer — 45% formed elements and 55% plasma.
Formed Elements
Correct answer — = cells and cell fragments (45%)
What are the formed element types of blood?
Correct answer — - Erythrocytes (RBC) - Leukocytes (WBC) - Thrombocytes (Platelets)
Erythrocytes (RBC)
Correct answer — Transport oxygen gas.
Leukocytes (WBC)
Correct answer — Protect against infection.
Thrombocytes (Platelets)
Correct answer — Cell fragments that prevent blood loss.
What is Hematopoiesis?
Correct answer — It is the production of blood cells.
Erythropoiesis
Correct answer — production of red blood cells.
Leukopoiesis
Correct answer — production of white blood cells.
Thrombopoiesis
Correct answer — production of platelets.
Where are cells produced in blood composition?
Correct answer — They are reproduced in red bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells.
Plasma
Correct answer — = Fluid component (55%).
Plasma composition percentages
Correct answer — - plasma proteins 7% - other solutions 1% - water 92%
1
, Plasma proteins
Correct answer — - albumins - globulins - fibrinogen
Albumins
Correct answer — osmotic pressure.
Globulins
Correct answer — Antibodies and transport.
Fibrinogen
Correct answer — Coagulation.
Red blood cells SHAPE
Correct answer — biconcave disk.
Do RBCs have a nucleus?
Correct answer — They have no nucleus.
How many RBC's per microliter of blood?
Correct answer — 5.2 million/mm3
Biconcave disks (RBC)
Correct answer — - high surface area to volume ratio - all cytoplasm is near the plasma membrane
- smooth and flexible - able to form stacks that slide through small capillaries
Functional Aspects of RBCs
Correct answer — - Large surface area- to-volume ratio - RBCs can form stacks - Flexibility
Anemia
Correct answer — Any condition in which ability of the blood to transport oxygen gas is diminished. Hemoglobin Terms - Correct answer- -
Oxyhemoglobin (bright red) - Deoxyhemoglobin (dark red)
Hemoglobin Structure
Correct answer — - 4 polypeptides • 2 alpha chains • 2 beta chains - 4 heme groups containing iron
Heme
Correct answer — iron-based, pigment part of hemoglobin.
Sickle Cell Anemia
Correct answer — The change in amino acid sequence causes hemoglobin molecules to crystalize when oxygen levels in the blood are low.
As a result, red blood cells sickle and get stuck in small blood vessels.
RBC LIFE CYCLE
Correct answer — - low blood O2 stimulates liver and kidneys to secrete erythropoietin which targets red bone marrow and promotes
erythropoiesis. - After about 120 days, damaged or worn RBC are destroyed as they pass through the spleen and liver. - Macrophages
(WBCs) phagocytize the remains.
Fate of hemoglobin following RBC destruction and phagocytosis by a macrophage:
Correct answer — - Polypeptides are hydrolyzed and amino acids are recycled or metabolized. - Iron is removed from each heme and
transported to red bone marrow to be recycled. - The remainder of each heme becomes biliverdin (green) or bilirubin (orange) which are
transported to the liver for excretion.
ABO blood typing (blood groups)
Correct answer — - Antigens A and B - Antibodies anti-A and anti-B
Rh blood typing (blood groups)
2
Physiology — Exam Notes, Study Guide, and
Practice Material
Components of the Cardiovascular System - Correct answer- - Heart - Blood vessels • arteries • capillaries • veins - Blood
Hematology - Correct answer- Is the study of blood and blood producing tissue.
Is blood a connective tissue? Does is differ from others?
Correct answer — It is a connective tissue that differs from the others because its matrix (plasma) is fluid, lacking fibers, not produced by
the tissue's cells.
How much blood does the average adult have?
Correct answer — 4-6 liters.
Blood Composition is made up of what?
Correct answer — 45% formed elements and 55% plasma.
Formed Elements
Correct answer — = cells and cell fragments (45%)
What are the formed element types of blood?
Correct answer — - Erythrocytes (RBC) - Leukocytes (WBC) - Thrombocytes (Platelets)
Erythrocytes (RBC)
Correct answer — Transport oxygen gas.
Leukocytes (WBC)
Correct answer — Protect against infection.
Thrombocytes (Platelets)
Correct answer — Cell fragments that prevent blood loss.
What is Hematopoiesis?
Correct answer — It is the production of blood cells.
Erythropoiesis
Correct answer — production of red blood cells.
Leukopoiesis
Correct answer — production of white blood cells.
Thrombopoiesis
Correct answer — production of platelets.
Where are cells produced in blood composition?
Correct answer — They are reproduced in red bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells.
Plasma
Correct answer — = Fluid component (55%).
Plasma composition percentages
Correct answer — - plasma proteins 7% - other solutions 1% - water 92%
1
, Plasma proteins
Correct answer — - albumins - globulins - fibrinogen
Albumins
Correct answer — osmotic pressure.
Globulins
Correct answer — Antibodies and transport.
Fibrinogen
Correct answer — Coagulation.
Red blood cells SHAPE
Correct answer — biconcave disk.
Do RBCs have a nucleus?
Correct answer — They have no nucleus.
How many RBC's per microliter of blood?
Correct answer — 5.2 million/mm3
Biconcave disks (RBC)
Correct answer — - high surface area to volume ratio - all cytoplasm is near the plasma membrane
- smooth and flexible - able to form stacks that slide through small capillaries
Functional Aspects of RBCs
Correct answer — - Large surface area- to-volume ratio - RBCs can form stacks - Flexibility
Anemia
Correct answer — Any condition in which ability of the blood to transport oxygen gas is diminished. Hemoglobin Terms - Correct answer- -
Oxyhemoglobin (bright red) - Deoxyhemoglobin (dark red)
Hemoglobin Structure
Correct answer — - 4 polypeptides • 2 alpha chains • 2 beta chains - 4 heme groups containing iron
Heme
Correct answer — iron-based, pigment part of hemoglobin.
Sickle Cell Anemia
Correct answer — The change in amino acid sequence causes hemoglobin molecules to crystalize when oxygen levels in the blood are low.
As a result, red blood cells sickle and get stuck in small blood vessels.
RBC LIFE CYCLE
Correct answer — - low blood O2 stimulates liver and kidneys to secrete erythropoietin which targets red bone marrow and promotes
erythropoiesis. - After about 120 days, damaged or worn RBC are destroyed as they pass through the spleen and liver. - Macrophages
(WBCs) phagocytize the remains.
Fate of hemoglobin following RBC destruction and phagocytosis by a macrophage:
Correct answer — - Polypeptides are hydrolyzed and amino acids are recycled or metabolized. - Iron is removed from each heme and
transported to red bone marrow to be recycled. - The remainder of each heme becomes biliverdin (green) or bilirubin (orange) which are
transported to the liver for excretion.
ABO blood typing (blood groups)
Correct answer — - Antigens A and B - Antibodies anti-A and anti-B
Rh blood typing (blood groups)
2
