NURS 231/NURS231 Module 2 V3 |
Pathophysiology Q&A with Rationale | Portage
Learning
1. Which of the following describes the vascular stage of acute inflammation?
A. The movement of leukocytes into the area of injury.
B. The production of antibodies by plasma cells.
C. Vasodilation and increased permeability of the capillaries.
D. The replacement of injured tissue with fibrous scar tissue.
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The vascular stage involves immediate changes in the small blood vessels at
the site of injury. Vasodilation leads to increased blood flow, which causes redness and
warmth. Increased capillary permeability then allows protein-rich fluid to move into the
extravascular spaces, resulting in swelling.
2. A patient presents with a large, open wound that is healing by secondary intention. Which
characteristic is most typical of this type of healing?
A. Minimal tissue loss and rapid closure.
B. Edges that are cleanly sutured together.
C. A very thin, barely visible scar.
D. Formation of a large amount of granulation tissue.
,Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Secondary intention occurs in wounds with significant tissue loss where the
edges cannot be approximated. This process requires the formation of granulation tissue to
fill the gap from the bottom up. It typically results in a slower healing process and a larger
scar compared to primary intention.
3. Which immunoglobulin is primarily responsible for Type I hypersensitivity reactions, such
as allergic rhinitis?
A. IgG
B. IgM
C. IgA
D. IgE
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Type I hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by IgE antibodies that bind to
mast cells and basophils. Upon re-exposure to an allergen, these cells degranulate and
release histamine and other inflammatory mediators. This mechanism is the hallmark of
classic allergic responses and anaphylaxis.
4. What is the primary function of neutrophils during the early cellular stage of inflammation?
A. Production of specific antibodies.
B. Phagocytosis of bacteria and cellular debris.
, C. Long-term memory of the pathogen.
D. Release of histamine to cause vasodilation.
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Neutrophils are the first responders to the site of acute inflammation and
arrive within minutes to hours. Their primary role is the phagocytosis of invading
microorganisms and the removal of necrotic tissue. They contain enzymes and reactive
oxygen species that are essential for killing pathogens.
5. In the context of the HIV life cycle, what is the role of the enzyme reverse transcriptase?
A. It converts viral RNA into double-stranded DNA.
B. It allows the virus to attach to the CD4+ receptor.
C. It cleaves long polyprotein chains into individual proteins.
D. It integrates the viral DNA into the host cell’s genome.
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: Reverse transcriptase is a viral enzyme that catalyzes the transcription of
HIV RNA into DNA once the virus enters the host cell. This step is crucial because the host
cell’s machinery can only process DNA for replication. Medications known as Nucleoside
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs) specifically target this stage of the cycle.
Pathophysiology Q&A with Rationale | Portage
Learning
1. Which of the following describes the vascular stage of acute inflammation?
A. The movement of leukocytes into the area of injury.
B. The production of antibodies by plasma cells.
C. Vasodilation and increased permeability of the capillaries.
D. The replacement of injured tissue with fibrous scar tissue.
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: The vascular stage involves immediate changes in the small blood vessels at
the site of injury. Vasodilation leads to increased blood flow, which causes redness and
warmth. Increased capillary permeability then allows protein-rich fluid to move into the
extravascular spaces, resulting in swelling.
2. A patient presents with a large, open wound that is healing by secondary intention. Which
characteristic is most typical of this type of healing?
A. Minimal tissue loss and rapid closure.
B. Edges that are cleanly sutured together.
C. A very thin, barely visible scar.
D. Formation of a large amount of granulation tissue.
,Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Secondary intention occurs in wounds with significant tissue loss where the
edges cannot be approximated. This process requires the formation of granulation tissue to
fill the gap from the bottom up. It typically results in a slower healing process and a larger
scar compared to primary intention.
3. Which immunoglobulin is primarily responsible for Type I hypersensitivity reactions, such
as allergic rhinitis?
A. IgG
B. IgM
C. IgA
D. IgE
Correct Answer: D
Explanation: Type I hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by IgE antibodies that bind to
mast cells and basophils. Upon re-exposure to an allergen, these cells degranulate and
release histamine and other inflammatory mediators. This mechanism is the hallmark of
classic allergic responses and anaphylaxis.
4. What is the primary function of neutrophils during the early cellular stage of inflammation?
A. Production of specific antibodies.
B. Phagocytosis of bacteria and cellular debris.
, C. Long-term memory of the pathogen.
D. Release of histamine to cause vasodilation.
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: Neutrophils are the first responders to the site of acute inflammation and
arrive within minutes to hours. Their primary role is the phagocytosis of invading
microorganisms and the removal of necrotic tissue. They contain enzymes and reactive
oxygen species that are essential for killing pathogens.
5. In the context of the HIV life cycle, what is the role of the enzyme reverse transcriptase?
A. It converts viral RNA into double-stranded DNA.
B. It allows the virus to attach to the CD4+ receptor.
C. It cleaves long polyprotein chains into individual proteins.
D. It integrates the viral DNA into the host cell’s genome.
Correct Answer: A
Explanation: Reverse transcriptase is a viral enzyme that catalyzes the transcription of
HIV RNA into DNA once the virus enters the host cell. This step is crucial because the host
cell’s machinery can only process DNA for replication. Medications known as Nucleoside
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs) specifically target this stage of the cycle.
