ELEMENTARY STATISTICS FINAL EXAM
UPDATED ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS
●● Goals of statistical Procedures
Answer: - occurrence and meaningful interpretation
- standardized evaluation procedures
●● population
Answer: the set of all individuals of interest in study
●● sample
Answer: set of individuals selected form a population
- intended to represent the population i a research study by using random
sampling
●● variable
Answer: the characteristic of condition that changes of has different
values for different individuals
●● Data (plural)
Answer: measurements or observations of a variable
,- "the data are", "the data were"
●● Data set
Answer: a collection of measurements of observations
●● Datum ( singular)
Answer: - single measurement or observation
- commonly called a score or raw score
●● Parameter
Answer: - a value, numerical, that describes a population
- derived form measurements of the individuals in the population
●● Statistic
Answer: - a value, numerical, that derives form a sample
- derived form measurements of the individuals in the sample
●● Descriptive statistics
Answer: - summarize organize and simplify data
ex. tables, graphs, averages
●● inferential statistics
,Answer: - study samples to make generalizations about the population
- interpret experimental data
ex. " margin of error", "statistically significant"
●● Sampling Error
Answer: The discrepancy, or amount of error, that exists between a
sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter
- a sample is NEVER identical to the population
ex. " this poll was taken form a sample of registered voters and has a
margin of error of plus or minus 4% pants"
●● scores are obtained by...
Answer: observing and measuring variables that scientists use to help
define and explain external behaviors
●● the process of measurement consists of...
Answer: applying carefully defined measurement procedures for each
variable
●● constructs
Answer: - internal attributes or characteristics that cannot be directly
observed
, - useful for describing and explaining behavior
●● operational definition
Answer: - identifies the set of operations required to measure an external
(observable) behavior
- uses the resulting measurements as both a definition AND a
measurement of a hypothetical construct
●● discrete variable
Answer: - has separate, indivisible categories
-no values can exist between two neighboring categories
ex. 1 2 3 4 5
●● continuous variable
Answer: - has an infinite number of possible values between any two
observed values
- every interval is divisible into an infinite number of fractional parts
ex. <----1------2------3------4------5---->
●● scales of measurement
Answer: measurement assigns individuals or events to categories
( names, or numerical values )
--the complete set of categories makes up a scale of measurement
UPDATED ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS
●● Goals of statistical Procedures
Answer: - occurrence and meaningful interpretation
- standardized evaluation procedures
●● population
Answer: the set of all individuals of interest in study
●● sample
Answer: set of individuals selected form a population
- intended to represent the population i a research study by using random
sampling
●● variable
Answer: the characteristic of condition that changes of has different
values for different individuals
●● Data (plural)
Answer: measurements or observations of a variable
,- "the data are", "the data were"
●● Data set
Answer: a collection of measurements of observations
●● Datum ( singular)
Answer: - single measurement or observation
- commonly called a score or raw score
●● Parameter
Answer: - a value, numerical, that describes a population
- derived form measurements of the individuals in the population
●● Statistic
Answer: - a value, numerical, that derives form a sample
- derived form measurements of the individuals in the sample
●● Descriptive statistics
Answer: - summarize organize and simplify data
ex. tables, graphs, averages
●● inferential statistics
,Answer: - study samples to make generalizations about the population
- interpret experimental data
ex. " margin of error", "statistically significant"
●● Sampling Error
Answer: The discrepancy, or amount of error, that exists between a
sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter
- a sample is NEVER identical to the population
ex. " this poll was taken form a sample of registered voters and has a
margin of error of plus or minus 4% pants"
●● scores are obtained by...
Answer: observing and measuring variables that scientists use to help
define and explain external behaviors
●● the process of measurement consists of...
Answer: applying carefully defined measurement procedures for each
variable
●● constructs
Answer: - internal attributes or characteristics that cannot be directly
observed
, - useful for describing and explaining behavior
●● operational definition
Answer: - identifies the set of operations required to measure an external
(observable) behavior
- uses the resulting measurements as both a definition AND a
measurement of a hypothetical construct
●● discrete variable
Answer: - has separate, indivisible categories
-no values can exist between two neighboring categories
ex. 1 2 3 4 5
●● continuous variable
Answer: - has an infinite number of possible values between any two
observed values
- every interval is divisible into an infinite number of fractional parts
ex. <----1------2------3------4------5---->
●● scales of measurement
Answer: measurement assigns individuals or events to categories
( names, or numerical values )
--the complete set of categories makes up a scale of measurement
