Types of pathogen ->
microorganisms that Transmission in animals Transmission in plants FACTORS AFFECTING PLANT TRANSMISSION
enter the body cause disease DIRECT-vertical (mumt child via placental, DIRECT leaves -
physically touching plants are more susceptible (clones), overcrowding
Materia prokaryotes -
horizontal (animal to animall each other causing direct contact, lack
of nutrients in soil,
reproduce rapidly drasites children INDIRECT
i
by not pathogens direct contact-skin to shin-common in dampt warm conditions, climate change
·
-
1Mm
binary fission ·
live on or in another living ·
Innoculation -
respiratory droplets from pathogens in soil enter roots
live in vascular tissues thing-take nutrition from host respiratory tract through coughing etc.
he live in vascular tissuest receptors respond to
TB(A), ringrot (P), meningitis (A) may lived unnoticed may avoid
Plant defences
↳landormucusmembranesleges,mother pathogens release signalling
seed et
nahi
·
off
+
-
Viruses -
smaller than bacteria being removed ·leaves shed once infected -
carries PHYSICAL DEFENCES * molecules to trigger response
can'treproduce without host cells head lice (external),tape worm (internall food or water, pathogens already
are
pathogens back to soil ① cell recognises pathogen and defensive molecules
to invade
Emm present or grow from improper storage fungiproduce spores by reproduction attack
cell
eventually bursts releases + INDIRECT ·
vectors -
wind, water, animals, 2
pathogenic enzymes breakdown cell wall and
viral particles inject to other cells Viral actions vectors -
an animal or insectthat carries humans
signalling molecules recognise the products + alert nucleus
HIV, shu, Herpes micro-organism that can cause disease 3
polysacharides made callose papillar acts as a
·
1. attachmentt o 2. Insertion of viral a -
host cells ⑱ nucleic acid
Fungi -may live in the skin somites hospital acquired injections from FACTORS AFFECTING ANIMAL barrier to prevent infection of surrounding cells, lignin
⑧ ⑧
-
⑧
of animals
⑧ bed linen, ste the scopes etc.not cleaned TRANSMISSION strengthens mechanical barrier, callose blocks sieve
·release sporest cause redness properly between uses -
nosocomial lack of infrastructure plates in phloem to isolate the infection callose is
of skin Ene
Imm
tissue
DNA replication of
Siral nucleic
/
4.
Synthesis of viral
protein (transcriptionFanslation)
injections
↑ ventilation:
a risk lack of sanitation/healthcare deposited plasmodesmata in
in the between infected
live in vascular airborne-droplet nucleil dust containing lack cells - reduces spread
· ·
acid
of education
⑧ ⑧
6.9
⑧ ⑧
its
hyphae mycelium .....
⑧ .. pathogens remain in defensive chemicals alert other cells to the attack
⑳
4
form the air diet
·
a ·
.
.
·
⑧
⑧
.
athletesfoot (A), black sigatoha(p) A
*
⑳ E ·
spores in animate object pathogens
-
are lack of ventilation CHEMICAL DEFENCES
ists
enkaryotic En
3mm -
5. assembly of 6. lysis of
left on - inject when touched ·
Insect repellants -
pine resintcitronella from lemon grass
Communicable disease
* ⑲ ⑨
virus particles host cell
cause harm
viruses
Insecticides- pyrethrins made
->
by entering host cells ⑨
by chrysanthemums neurotoxins
·
⑧ ⑧
-
, got infect
malaria (caused
by plasmodium), 19
⑧ ⑧ j
other
PHAGOCYTOSIS ·antibacterial compounds phenols (antiseptics), defensing
Specific
&
a sa cels -
⑨
⑧
-⑧ &
potato blight (P)
%
Idisruptbacterial fungimembranes), lysosomes
lysosomes
en
pathogen
immune
·
⑧ pathogen releases
-,
I
phagocyte antifungal compounds Saponins/disrupt fungi membranes),
·
& 0 -
chemicals that
·
T
lymphocytes -
made in bone marrow t responses attract the phagocyte chitinases (breakdown chitin in fungi cell wall)
Antibodies and mature in thymus gland .
anti-comycetes-glucanases/breakdown glucans)
Antibodies
immunity
-- attack antigens to make an APC
CELL MEDIATED RESPONSE
① antigens from virus are used to make APC
·
↳
2 phagocyte
to non-self pathogen
binds
⑧ 88
o
o
·general toxins-chemicals broken down
which is toxic to most plants
to make cyanide
produce chemicals (agglumins) causing APC's to ② Clonal selection-find T cell with correct shape for receptor
togethers easier for phagocytes
↳ phagocyte engulfs
3
·
clump to locate
③ found Tell is clonedby mitosis
↳release antitoxins detects t
④clonal expansion make more of the T cells
0 pathogen,
phagosome
making Non-specific responses
·natural immunity -
responds naturally -
E
a
The
lysosome moves towards
·
active immunity -
Bells
differentiate into -
Tregulator recognise end of injection so we don't attach our cells
-
phagosome combines forming Mucus membranes -
cover respiratory tract digestive system
plasmat memory cells which produce antibodies -
Thiller if complementary to injected cell, binds releases perforins
- + phagolysome
* ↳ have
goblet cells ciliated cells that produce mucus to trapt move
⑧
·artificial immunity medical like
-
vaccines
which make the cell membranes permeable hills the
4
go pathogens
+
cell enzymes
-
inject with weakened, dead or less harmful pathogen breakdown the
·Passive immunity -
no revention of
memory
-
Tmemory -
wait for reinjection-act quicker as lots alre
ady made
pathogen in the
·Shin-dead outer layers, stops viruses reproducing
cells inject blood plasma with antibodies) or
artificial T helper-release interleuking to stimulate cells to
T cells +B
develop blood
phagolysome clotting platelets activated
by damaged tissue release
-
-
-
natural (breastfeeding, antibodies passed in milk)
Autoimmune conditions HUMORAL RESPONSE ↳ thromboplastin that joins its cofactor cant
0
MMC by to catalyse the reaction
-
B+T cells 5
form a
-
combining antigens from
stop working healthy body attach cells B lymphocytes made mature in bone
ga of prothrombine thrombin which catalyses soluble fibrinogen to
-
t -
marrow
↳
Tregulators fail can be due to
genetics 88 a
pathogen to their
antibody to join APC
-
or an infection-cause of failure unknown
① clonal selection-choose Bell with correct glycoproteins insoluble fibrin which holds platelets together, forming a clot
⑧
-
Type diabetes (affects
1 insulin secreting cells) ② activated t helper cell attaches activates division of Bcek
E 6 M4C antigen
Inflammatory response-caused by a
pathogen entering the body,
displayed
complex 88
&
Rheumatoid arthritis (affects joints), Lupus (affects ↳ clonal cell division to a number of activated cells
·
expansion uses # on phagocyte causes redness or
swelling, release histamines (which dilate
shint joints, causing fatigue attacksorgans) E membrane -
maks APC
a
③ either plasma
-8
Sources of medicine -
plasma or
memory cells -
cells secrete antibodies blood vessels causing bigger gaps between cells for plasmat WBC
computer programmes help with design
-
-
used to destroy pathogen (primary response), memory cells circulate
·
opsonins -
attach to
pathogen bleak from) and cytokines (which attract WBC to attack
to search through chemicals
to make it
bioactive compounds in plants/microorganisms in blood forimmunity-will divide rapidly develop
long term + more recognisable pathogens)
Docetaxel in yew trees for breast cancer,
eg. into
plasmat memory cells (secondary response cytokines alertphagocytes. Fever-raises body temp. 137 which increases kinetic
·
-
in willow bark as a painkiller,
aspirin
bigoxin from foxgloves for heart failure BLOOD
WHITE
TYPES OF CELLS to presence of pathogens energy and causes pathogen enzymes to denature, WBC are
Pharmacogenetics
-
-
the study of how genes macrophages monocytes when immature -> made in
- bone marrow ·Interferons -
stimulate nearby also more
likely to attach due to MYE, a
really high fever
affect person's response to drugs
large nucleus neutrophil-multilobed nucleus-made
a
in bone cells to anti-viral defences be
drugs with efficacy
used to make stronger dangerous if our
enzymes denature
-
↳ can
tic
-
biology-DNA
sequencing + marrow with lots of lysosomes and reduce extent of infection
diseases mutation
genome editing
can reduce
microorganisms that Transmission in animals Transmission in plants FACTORS AFFECTING PLANT TRANSMISSION
enter the body cause disease DIRECT-vertical (mumt child via placental, DIRECT leaves -
physically touching plants are more susceptible (clones), overcrowding
Materia prokaryotes -
horizontal (animal to animall each other causing direct contact, lack
of nutrients in soil,
reproduce rapidly drasites children INDIRECT
i
by not pathogens direct contact-skin to shin-common in dampt warm conditions, climate change
·
-
1Mm
binary fission ·
live on or in another living ·
Innoculation -
respiratory droplets from pathogens in soil enter roots
live in vascular tissues thing-take nutrition from host respiratory tract through coughing etc.
he live in vascular tissuest receptors respond to
TB(A), ringrot (P), meningitis (A) may lived unnoticed may avoid
Plant defences
↳landormucusmembranesleges,mother pathogens release signalling
seed et
nahi
·
off
+
-
Viruses -
smaller than bacteria being removed ·leaves shed once infected -
carries PHYSICAL DEFENCES * molecules to trigger response
can'treproduce without host cells head lice (external),tape worm (internall food or water, pathogens already
are
pathogens back to soil ① cell recognises pathogen and defensive molecules
to invade
Emm present or grow from improper storage fungiproduce spores by reproduction attack
cell
eventually bursts releases + INDIRECT ·
vectors -
wind, water, animals, 2
pathogenic enzymes breakdown cell wall and
viral particles inject to other cells Viral actions vectors -
an animal or insectthat carries humans
signalling molecules recognise the products + alert nucleus
HIV, shu, Herpes micro-organism that can cause disease 3
polysacharides made callose papillar acts as a
·
1. attachmentt o 2. Insertion of viral a -
host cells ⑱ nucleic acid
Fungi -may live in the skin somites hospital acquired injections from FACTORS AFFECTING ANIMAL barrier to prevent infection of surrounding cells, lignin
⑧ ⑧
-
⑧
of animals
⑧ bed linen, ste the scopes etc.not cleaned TRANSMISSION strengthens mechanical barrier, callose blocks sieve
·release sporest cause redness properly between uses -
nosocomial lack of infrastructure plates in phloem to isolate the infection callose is
of skin Ene
Imm
tissue
DNA replication of
Siral nucleic
/
4.
Synthesis of viral
protein (transcriptionFanslation)
injections
↑ ventilation:
a risk lack of sanitation/healthcare deposited plasmodesmata in
in the between infected
live in vascular airborne-droplet nucleil dust containing lack cells - reduces spread
· ·
acid
of education
⑧ ⑧
6.9
⑧ ⑧
its
hyphae mycelium .....
⑧ .. pathogens remain in defensive chemicals alert other cells to the attack
⑳
4
form the air diet
·
a ·
.
.
·
⑧
⑧
.
athletesfoot (A), black sigatoha(p) A
*
⑳ E ·
spores in animate object pathogens
-
are lack of ventilation CHEMICAL DEFENCES
ists
enkaryotic En
3mm -
5. assembly of 6. lysis of
left on - inject when touched ·
Insect repellants -
pine resintcitronella from lemon grass
Communicable disease
* ⑲ ⑨
virus particles host cell
cause harm
viruses
Insecticides- pyrethrins made
->
by entering host cells ⑨
by chrysanthemums neurotoxins
·
⑧ ⑧
-
, got infect
malaria (caused
by plasmodium), 19
⑧ ⑧ j
other
PHAGOCYTOSIS ·antibacterial compounds phenols (antiseptics), defensing
Specific
&
a sa cels -
⑨
⑧
-⑧ &
potato blight (P)
%
Idisruptbacterial fungimembranes), lysosomes
lysosomes
en
pathogen
immune
·
⑧ pathogen releases
-,
I
phagocyte antifungal compounds Saponins/disrupt fungi membranes),
·
& 0 -
chemicals that
·
T
lymphocytes -
made in bone marrow t responses attract the phagocyte chitinases (breakdown chitin in fungi cell wall)
Antibodies and mature in thymus gland .
anti-comycetes-glucanases/breakdown glucans)
Antibodies
immunity
-- attack antigens to make an APC
CELL MEDIATED RESPONSE
① antigens from virus are used to make APC
·
↳
2 phagocyte
to non-self pathogen
binds
⑧ 88
o
o
·general toxins-chemicals broken down
which is toxic to most plants
to make cyanide
produce chemicals (agglumins) causing APC's to ② Clonal selection-find T cell with correct shape for receptor
togethers easier for phagocytes
↳ phagocyte engulfs
3
·
clump to locate
③ found Tell is clonedby mitosis
↳release antitoxins detects t
④clonal expansion make more of the T cells
0 pathogen,
phagosome
making Non-specific responses
·natural immunity -
responds naturally -
E
a
The
lysosome moves towards
·
active immunity -
Bells
differentiate into -
Tregulator recognise end of injection so we don't attach our cells
-
phagosome combines forming Mucus membranes -
cover respiratory tract digestive system
plasmat memory cells which produce antibodies -
Thiller if complementary to injected cell, binds releases perforins
- + phagolysome
* ↳ have
goblet cells ciliated cells that produce mucus to trapt move
⑧
·artificial immunity medical like
-
vaccines
which make the cell membranes permeable hills the
4
go pathogens
+
cell enzymes
-
inject with weakened, dead or less harmful pathogen breakdown the
·Passive immunity -
no revention of
memory
-
Tmemory -
wait for reinjection-act quicker as lots alre
ady made
pathogen in the
·Shin-dead outer layers, stops viruses reproducing
cells inject blood plasma with antibodies) or
artificial T helper-release interleuking to stimulate cells to
T cells +B
develop blood
phagolysome clotting platelets activated
by damaged tissue release
-
-
-
natural (breastfeeding, antibodies passed in milk)
Autoimmune conditions HUMORAL RESPONSE ↳ thromboplastin that joins its cofactor cant
0
MMC by to catalyse the reaction
-
B+T cells 5
form a
-
combining antigens from
stop working healthy body attach cells B lymphocytes made mature in bone
ga of prothrombine thrombin which catalyses soluble fibrinogen to
-
t -
marrow
↳
Tregulators fail can be due to
genetics 88 a
pathogen to their
antibody to join APC
-
or an infection-cause of failure unknown
① clonal selection-choose Bell with correct glycoproteins insoluble fibrin which holds platelets together, forming a clot
⑧
-
Type diabetes (affects
1 insulin secreting cells) ② activated t helper cell attaches activates division of Bcek
E 6 M4C antigen
Inflammatory response-caused by a
pathogen entering the body,
displayed
complex 88
&
Rheumatoid arthritis (affects joints), Lupus (affects ↳ clonal cell division to a number of activated cells
·
expansion uses # on phagocyte causes redness or
swelling, release histamines (which dilate
shint joints, causing fatigue attacksorgans) E membrane -
maks APC
a
③ either plasma
-8
Sources of medicine -
plasma or
memory cells -
cells secrete antibodies blood vessels causing bigger gaps between cells for plasmat WBC
computer programmes help with design
-
-
used to destroy pathogen (primary response), memory cells circulate
·
opsonins -
attach to
pathogen bleak from) and cytokines (which attract WBC to attack
to search through chemicals
to make it
bioactive compounds in plants/microorganisms in blood forimmunity-will divide rapidly develop
long term + more recognisable pathogens)
Docetaxel in yew trees for breast cancer,
eg. into
plasmat memory cells (secondary response cytokines alertphagocytes. Fever-raises body temp. 137 which increases kinetic
·
-
in willow bark as a painkiller,
aspirin
bigoxin from foxgloves for heart failure BLOOD
WHITE
TYPES OF CELLS to presence of pathogens energy and causes pathogen enzymes to denature, WBC are
Pharmacogenetics
-
-
the study of how genes macrophages monocytes when immature -> made in
- bone marrow ·Interferons -
stimulate nearby also more
likely to attach due to MYE, a
really high fever
affect person's response to drugs
large nucleus neutrophil-multilobed nucleus-made
a
in bone cells to anti-viral defences be
drugs with efficacy
used to make stronger dangerous if our
enzymes denature
-
↳ can
tic
-
biology-DNA
sequencing + marrow with lots of lysosomes and reduce extent of infection
diseases mutation
genome editing
can reduce
