The rise of nationalism in Europe
DIFFERENCE OF THE MAP IN 1815 AND PRESENT
● Countries like Switzerland, Italy, and Germany did not exist.
● Divided into kingdoms, duchies, and cantons ruled by autocratic monarchs
● Central and eastern Europe had autocratic monarchs but a diverse population.
● People in these kingdoms did not share a common culture, they didn’t share a common
identity.
HAPSBURG EMPIRE
● Ruled over Austria-Hungary
● Aristocracy spoke German
● Lombardy and venetia had Italian speaking people.
● Magyar was spoken by half the population, the rest spoke in different dialects.
● Polish was the language of choice in the aristocracy of Galicia.
Peasant population in the Hapsburg Empire:
(Not so important just read )
- Bohemians and slovaks to the north
- Solvens in Carniola
- Croats to the south
- Romans to the east in Transylvania
● They all wanted to overthrow the monarchy.
NATIONALISM
● The idea of forming a nation-state where the majority of the citizens share the same
culture and a sense of collective identity
● The French Revolution was the first expression of nationalism in Europe. After the
revolution, the monarchy changed to the body of the citizens.
COLLECTIVE IDENTITY AMONG CITIZENS IN FRANCE
● Ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and la citoyen (the citizen)
● The new triclour replaced the royal standard.
● The Estates General was renamed as the National Assembly.
● A centralized administration was put into place.
● Internal customs duties and dues were abolished. Instead, a uniform system of weights
and measures was introduced.
● New hymns and oaths were composed, and martyrs were commemorated.
● Regional dialects were discouraged, and French was taken as the common language.
(France’s contribution to collective identity)
, IDEAS OF NATIONALISM IN OTHER PARTS OF EUROPE
● The Jacobin Club was set up by students and members of the middle class. They spread
the ideals in Holland, Belgium, Switzerland, and much of Italy.
ARISTOCRACY IN EUROPE
● The highest class in the social hierarchy, composed of people of noble birth.
● The landed aristocracy was the dominant class in europe
● There were just a few aristocracies, but they held great power, they controlled most of
the population, which was peasants.
EMERGENCE OF MIDDLE CLASS IN EUROPE
● Industrialization started in England in the second half of the 18th century, in France and
Germany, it started in the 19th century.
● New social classes formed due to industrialization— working classes and middle classes
- They were educated and had a liberal mindset.
LIBERALISM
● Ideology that focuses on people’s personal freedom, civil liberties, and democracy
● Liberalism is a believer in free trade and enterprise.
LIBERALISM IN 19TH CENTURY IN EUROPE
● It meant the end of autocratic rule and clerical privileges, the setting up of a constitution,
and a representative government with a parliament.
● Emphasis on complete security on private property
LIBERALISM IN POLITICAL SPHERE LIBERALISM IN ECONOMIC SPHERE
● Men without property and all women ● Freedom of markets and removal of
were not allowed to vote. state-imposed restrictions on goods
● They were reduced to just minors. and capitals.
● Women and men without property
demanded for equal rights.
DIFFERENCE OF THE MAP IN 1815 AND PRESENT
● Countries like Switzerland, Italy, and Germany did not exist.
● Divided into kingdoms, duchies, and cantons ruled by autocratic monarchs
● Central and eastern Europe had autocratic monarchs but a diverse population.
● People in these kingdoms did not share a common culture, they didn’t share a common
identity.
HAPSBURG EMPIRE
● Ruled over Austria-Hungary
● Aristocracy spoke German
● Lombardy and venetia had Italian speaking people.
● Magyar was spoken by half the population, the rest spoke in different dialects.
● Polish was the language of choice in the aristocracy of Galicia.
Peasant population in the Hapsburg Empire:
(Not so important just read )
- Bohemians and slovaks to the north
- Solvens in Carniola
- Croats to the south
- Romans to the east in Transylvania
● They all wanted to overthrow the monarchy.
NATIONALISM
● The idea of forming a nation-state where the majority of the citizens share the same
culture and a sense of collective identity
● The French Revolution was the first expression of nationalism in Europe. After the
revolution, the monarchy changed to the body of the citizens.
COLLECTIVE IDENTITY AMONG CITIZENS IN FRANCE
● Ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and la citoyen (the citizen)
● The new triclour replaced the royal standard.
● The Estates General was renamed as the National Assembly.
● A centralized administration was put into place.
● Internal customs duties and dues were abolished. Instead, a uniform system of weights
and measures was introduced.
● New hymns and oaths were composed, and martyrs were commemorated.
● Regional dialects were discouraged, and French was taken as the common language.
(France’s contribution to collective identity)
, IDEAS OF NATIONALISM IN OTHER PARTS OF EUROPE
● The Jacobin Club was set up by students and members of the middle class. They spread
the ideals in Holland, Belgium, Switzerland, and much of Italy.
ARISTOCRACY IN EUROPE
● The highest class in the social hierarchy, composed of people of noble birth.
● The landed aristocracy was the dominant class in europe
● There were just a few aristocracies, but they held great power, they controlled most of
the population, which was peasants.
EMERGENCE OF MIDDLE CLASS IN EUROPE
● Industrialization started in England in the second half of the 18th century, in France and
Germany, it started in the 19th century.
● New social classes formed due to industrialization— working classes and middle classes
- They were educated and had a liberal mindset.
LIBERALISM
● Ideology that focuses on people’s personal freedom, civil liberties, and democracy
● Liberalism is a believer in free trade and enterprise.
LIBERALISM IN 19TH CENTURY IN EUROPE
● It meant the end of autocratic rule and clerical privileges, the setting up of a constitution,
and a representative government with a parliament.
● Emphasis on complete security on private property
LIBERALISM IN POLITICAL SPHERE LIBERALISM IN ECONOMIC SPHERE
● Men without property and all women ● Freedom of markets and removal of
were not allowed to vote. state-imposed restrictions on goods
● They were reduced to just minors. and capitals.
● Women and men without property
demanded for equal rights.
