NUR 2063 EXAM 1 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY RASMUSSEN 20...
OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT - EXAM
NUR 2063 EXAM 1 ESSENTIALS OF
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY RASMUSSEN 2026/2027
LATEST EXAM WITH 150 REAL EXAM
A+ Verified | Edition: 2026/2027 | Passing Score: 75%
COVER PAGE - 1
,SECTIONS COVERED
1. Section 1: Cellular Adaptation, Injury, and Death
2. Section 2: Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection
3. Section 3: Cardiovascular and Respiratory Pathophysiology
4. Section 4: Renal, Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
5. Section 5: Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Pathophysiology
6. Section 6: Endocrine, Neuro, and Multi-System Disorders
EXAMINATION DETAILS
Subject: NUR 2063 EXAM 1 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY RASMUSSEN 2026/2027 LATEST EXAM WITH 150 RE
Difficulty: Undergraduate nursing pathophysiology - requires knowledge of disease processes, cellular mechanisms,
organ system dysfunction, and clinical manifestations
Question Types: Multiple choice, 4 options (A-D)
Marks: 1 mark per question
Passing Score: 75%
Bloom's Taxonomy Level: Application/Analysis - applying pathophysiological principles to clinical scenarios,
analyzing disease mechanisms, and evaluating patient conditions
, Section 1: Cellular Adaptation, Injury, and Death
Q1 A 58-year-old male with a 40 pack-year smoking history presents with a chronic cough. A lung
biopsy reveals enlarged cells with abundant cytoplasm and increased nuclear size. The
pathologist describes this change as adaptive. Which type of cellular adaptation is most likely?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size. In smokers, chronic irritation can cause hypertrophy of bronchial
epithelial cells. The enlarged cells with abundant cytoplasm and increased nuclear size are characteristic of
hypertrophy.
Q2 A postmenopausal woman presents with vaginal dryness. Histology shows a reduction in
epithelial thickness. This is best described as:
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Dysplasia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Atrophy is a decrease in cell size due to reduced workload, hormonal stimulation, or aging.
Postmenopausal estrogen decline leads to vaginal epithelial atrophy.
Q3 A patient with chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has a biopsy showing columnar
epithelium replacing squamous epithelium in the distal esophagus. This change is termed:
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Anaplasia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Metaplasia is the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another. In Barrett esophagus, chronic
acid exposure causes squamous-to-columnar metaplasia.
Q4 A 72-year-old patient with long-standing heart failure is found to have reduced skeletal muscle
mass and decreased protein synthesis. These cellular changes are best described as:
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Atrophy is the decrease in cell size due to reduced workload, hormonal stimulation, or inadequate
nutrition. In chronic heart failure, disuse and malnutrition contribute to skeletal muscle atrophy.
Q5 A patient suffers a myocardial infarction. Within the first 24 hours, histology reveals eosinophilic
cytoplasm and loss of nuclei. This is best described as:
A. Coagulative necrosis
B. Liquefactive necrosis
C. Caseous necrosis
D. Fat necrosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Myocardial infarction causes coagulative necrosis, characterized by preservation of tissue architecture,
eosinophilic cytoplasm, and loss of nuclei due to denaturation of structural proteins.
NUR 2063 EXAM 1 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY RASMUSSEN 2026/2027 LATEST EXAM WITH 150
NURREAL
2063EXAM
Exam QUESTIONS
1 | 2026/2027AND CORRECT
, Q6 A patient with a history of alcohol abuse presents with epigastric pain. CT shows calcifications
in the pancreas. Which type of necrosis is associated with this finding?
A. Coagulative necrosis
B. Liquefactive necrosis
C. Caseous necrosis
D. Fat necrosis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Fat necrosis occurs in acute pancreatitis when lipases break down peripancreatic fat into fatty acids,
which combine with calcium to form chalky white deposits (saponification).
Q7 A patient with tuberculosis has a granuloma with a central area of amorphous, eosinophilic
debris. This type of necrosis is called:
A. Liquefactive necrosis
B. Caseous necrosis
C. Coagulative necrosis
D. Fat necrosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Caseous necrosis (cheese-like) is characteristic of tuberculosis. It is a combination of coagulative and
liquefactive necrosis with a granular, amorphous appearance.
Q8 A 2-year-old child with developmental delay and a cherry-red spot on the macula has a
lysosomal storage disorder. Which intracellular accumulation is associated with this disease?
A. Glycogen
B. Lipids (gangliosides)
C. Proteins
D. Pigments
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Tay-Sachs disease is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by hexosaminidase A deficiency, leading to
GM2 ganglioside accumulation in neurons, causing developmental delay and a cherry-red macular spot.
Q9 A patient with chronic liver disease has yellow-brown granular pigment in hepatocytes. This
pigment is most likely:
A. Melanin
B. Hemosiderin
C. Bilirubin
D. Lipofuscin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Lipofuscin (wear-and-tear pigment) is a yellow-brown, granular pigment that accumulates in aging cells
and in chronic disease states like liver disease.
Q10 A patient with severe ischemia shows cellular swelling with pale cytoplasm and small, clear
vacuoles. This reversible change is best described as:
A. Karyolysis
B. Cellular swelling (hydropic change)
C. Karyorrhexis
D. Pyknosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cellular swelling (hydropic change) is a reversible early manifestation of cell injury caused by failure of
the Na+/K+ pump, leading to water influx.
NUR 2063 EXAM 1 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY RASMUSSEN 2026/2027 LATEST EXAM WITH 150
NURREAL
2063EXAM
Exam QUESTIONS
1 | 2026/2027AND CORRECT
OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT - EXAM
NUR 2063 EXAM 1 ESSENTIALS OF
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY RASMUSSEN 2026/2027
LATEST EXAM WITH 150 REAL EXAM
A+ Verified | Edition: 2026/2027 | Passing Score: 75%
COVER PAGE - 1
,SECTIONS COVERED
1. Section 1: Cellular Adaptation, Injury, and Death
2. Section 2: Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection
3. Section 3: Cardiovascular and Respiratory Pathophysiology
4. Section 4: Renal, Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
5. Section 5: Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Pathophysiology
6. Section 6: Endocrine, Neuro, and Multi-System Disorders
EXAMINATION DETAILS
Subject: NUR 2063 EXAM 1 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY RASMUSSEN 2026/2027 LATEST EXAM WITH 150 RE
Difficulty: Undergraduate nursing pathophysiology - requires knowledge of disease processes, cellular mechanisms,
organ system dysfunction, and clinical manifestations
Question Types: Multiple choice, 4 options (A-D)
Marks: 1 mark per question
Passing Score: 75%
Bloom's Taxonomy Level: Application/Analysis - applying pathophysiological principles to clinical scenarios,
analyzing disease mechanisms, and evaluating patient conditions
, Section 1: Cellular Adaptation, Injury, and Death
Q1 A 58-year-old male with a 40 pack-year smoking history presents with a chronic cough. A lung
biopsy reveals enlarged cells with abundant cytoplasm and increased nuclear size. The
pathologist describes this change as adaptive. Which type of cellular adaptation is most likely?
A. Atrophy
B. Hypertrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size. In smokers, chronic irritation can cause hypertrophy of bronchial
epithelial cells. The enlarged cells with abundant cytoplasm and increased nuclear size are characteristic of
hypertrophy.
Q2 A postmenopausal woman presents with vaginal dryness. Histology shows a reduction in
epithelial thickness. This is best described as:
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Dysplasia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Atrophy is a decrease in cell size due to reduced workload, hormonal stimulation, or aging.
Postmenopausal estrogen decline leads to vaginal epithelial atrophy.
Q3 A patient with chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has a biopsy showing columnar
epithelium replacing squamous epithelium in the distal esophagus. This change is termed:
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Anaplasia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Metaplasia is the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another. In Barrett esophagus, chronic
acid exposure causes squamous-to-columnar metaplasia.
Q4 A 72-year-old patient with long-standing heart failure is found to have reduced skeletal muscle
mass and decreased protein synthesis. These cellular changes are best described as:
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Atrophy is the decrease in cell size due to reduced workload, hormonal stimulation, or inadequate
nutrition. In chronic heart failure, disuse and malnutrition contribute to skeletal muscle atrophy.
Q5 A patient suffers a myocardial infarction. Within the first 24 hours, histology reveals eosinophilic
cytoplasm and loss of nuclei. This is best described as:
A. Coagulative necrosis
B. Liquefactive necrosis
C. Caseous necrosis
D. Fat necrosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Myocardial infarction causes coagulative necrosis, characterized by preservation of tissue architecture,
eosinophilic cytoplasm, and loss of nuclei due to denaturation of structural proteins.
NUR 2063 EXAM 1 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY RASMUSSEN 2026/2027 LATEST EXAM WITH 150
NURREAL
2063EXAM
Exam QUESTIONS
1 | 2026/2027AND CORRECT
, Q6 A patient with a history of alcohol abuse presents with epigastric pain. CT shows calcifications
in the pancreas. Which type of necrosis is associated with this finding?
A. Coagulative necrosis
B. Liquefactive necrosis
C. Caseous necrosis
D. Fat necrosis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Fat necrosis occurs in acute pancreatitis when lipases break down peripancreatic fat into fatty acids,
which combine with calcium to form chalky white deposits (saponification).
Q7 A patient with tuberculosis has a granuloma with a central area of amorphous, eosinophilic
debris. This type of necrosis is called:
A. Liquefactive necrosis
B. Caseous necrosis
C. Coagulative necrosis
D. Fat necrosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Caseous necrosis (cheese-like) is characteristic of tuberculosis. It is a combination of coagulative and
liquefactive necrosis with a granular, amorphous appearance.
Q8 A 2-year-old child with developmental delay and a cherry-red spot on the macula has a
lysosomal storage disorder. Which intracellular accumulation is associated with this disease?
A. Glycogen
B. Lipids (gangliosides)
C. Proteins
D. Pigments
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Tay-Sachs disease is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by hexosaminidase A deficiency, leading to
GM2 ganglioside accumulation in neurons, causing developmental delay and a cherry-red macular spot.
Q9 A patient with chronic liver disease has yellow-brown granular pigment in hepatocytes. This
pigment is most likely:
A. Melanin
B. Hemosiderin
C. Bilirubin
D. Lipofuscin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Lipofuscin (wear-and-tear pigment) is a yellow-brown, granular pigment that accumulates in aging cells
and in chronic disease states like liver disease.
Q10 A patient with severe ischemia shows cellular swelling with pale cytoplasm and small, clear
vacuoles. This reversible change is best described as:
A. Karyolysis
B. Cellular swelling (hydropic change)
C. Karyorrhexis
D. Pyknosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cellular swelling (hydropic change) is a reversible early manifestation of cell injury caused by failure of
the Na+/K+ pump, leading to water influx.
NUR 2063 EXAM 1 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY RASMUSSEN 2026/2027 LATEST EXAM WITH 150
NURREAL
2063EXAM
Exam QUESTIONS
1 | 2026/2027AND CORRECT
