N212 TEST 2 STUDY GUIDE: LAB VALUES & PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NOTES QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS.

N212 TEST 2 – COMPLETE ATI-STYLE STUDY GUIDE (Based directly on your professor’s required topics) NORMAL LAB RANGES YOU MUST MEMORIZE ACID–BASE (ABGs) Value pH PaCO₂ Normal Range 7.35 – 7.45 Critical ATI Meaning 7.35 = Acidosis / 7.45 = Alkalosis 35 – 45 mmHg Respiratory control HCO₃ 22 – 26 mEq/L Anion Gap 8 – 12 mEq/L ELECTROLYTES Electrolyte Metabolic control ↑ = metabolic acidosis Normal Range Sodium (Na⁺) Potassium (K⁺) Calcium (Ca²⁺) 135 – 145 mEq/L 3.5 – 5.0 mEq/L 8.6 – 10.2 mg/dL Magnesium (Mg²⁺) 1.5 – 2.5 mEq/L REMEMBER FOR TEST • Acidic = 7.35 OR LESS • Alkalotic = 7.45 OR GREATER • Pay attention to “EXCEPT”, “NOT”, “OPPOSITE” CIRRHOSIS Pathophysiology Chronic liver damage → fibrosis → portal hypertension → ↓ liver function EARLY SIGNS Fatigue, Anorexia, Weight loss, Malaise LATE SIGNS Ascites, Jaundice, Easy bruising/bleeding, Asterixis, Hepatic encephalopathy, Spider angiomas PORTAL HYPERTENSION & ASCITES • Increased pressure in portal vein → fluid leakage → ascites • Leads to splenomegaly and varices EXPECTED LAB FINDINGS Lab Albumin ↓ PT/INR ↑ Result Liver can’t synthesize protein Impaired clotting AST/ALT ↑ Liver damage Ammonia ↑ Encephalopathy Bilirubin ↑ Jaundice DEHYDRATION & HYPONATREMIA DEHYDRATION LABS