CCNA – Cisco Certified Network Associate
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(CCNA) Cisco Certified Network Associate Exam Latest Updated
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Network Devices - Can be any devices that stand between computer host devices, including
switches, routers, hubs, repeaters, and firewalls. These devices control and optimize
communication between host devices.
Network Applications - World Wide Web - Technically, this is a network application that
allows the exchange of text pages coded in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) using the
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Initially, these HTML pages only supported hyperlinks to
jump from one page to another. Now, HTTP and HTML have been augmented with dynamic
extensions to allow a much more advanced, rich, multimedia Web experience than just
jumping from one page to another.
Network Applications - Electronic Mail - This is a network application that allows the
exchange of messages between two hosts. In fact, studies show that this network application
is by far the most commonly used network application.
Network Applications - File Transfer and File Sharing - This network application allows the
transfer of files from one computer host device to another. Several variations of this
application exist, such as File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Secure FTP (SFTP), Network File
System (NFS), and Server Message Block (SMB), but all versions serve the same purpose: To
transfer files from one network host to another.
Network Applications - Remote Control - This network application allows you to control a
computer host remotely from another host in the network. As with file transfer, several
remote control applications exist, such as Windows Remote Desktop, Virtual Network
Computing (VNC), and remote shell (rsh).
Network Applications - Voice over IP (VoIP) and Video over IP - This network application
allows the transfer of voice and video signals over the Internet Protocol. Many Web sites
stream video over the Internet today. These sites use some VoIP network application to
wrap their video content in IP packets and send them over the network to the computer host
that requested the streamed video content. Another example of VoIP is Cisco IP phones,
which are being adopted today by many organizations to save costs by concentrating their
phone and data traffic over the same IP infrastructure.
Network Applications - Shared Network Storage - This network application connects
advanced specialized storage devices to a storage network, making them accessible to any
computer host connected to that storage network. Storage networks can be either
• Isolated, that is, connecting only to a few computer hosts locally
• Connected to other data networks
Network Applications - High Availability (HA) and Parallel Processing - This network
application enables computer hosts to act as a single logical host, sometimes also called a
"Computer Cluster". The hosts use clustering software that manages the logical
"supercomputer." The clustering software needs to have those physical computers
,interconnected in a network.
Purpose of Computer Networks - Computer networks were developed to aggregate the
computing power of several individual computers into initially local networks, then campus
networks, then metropolitan networks, then countrywide networks, and finally, global
networks. A computer network is a group of computer host devices that communicate with
each other.
Computer Host Devices - - Can be any other devices used to access the network, including
servers, workstations, personal computers, smart phones, and laptops.
- A network host is a computer or other device connected to a computer network. A host
may work as a server offering information resources, services, and applications to users or
other hosts on the network. Hosts are assigned at least one network address.
Computer clusters are used for the following:
• High availability: Several levels of high availability exist, but generally speaking, HA implies
that whenever one of the physical computers in the cluster fails, the remaining computer(s)
takes over the load of the failed computer.
• Parallel Processing: In parallel processing, all physical computers in the cluster can
process data at the same time, thereby improving processing speed and reliability.
Both HA and parallel processing require a network connection between the physical
computer hosts involved.
Hub - - A simple network can be three hosts connected to a hub. A hub works very much like
a multiplexer, or a multiple socket power bar: Hosts connect to the hub, and they can
"speak" and "hear" each other.
- An Ethernet hub, active hub, network hub, repeater hub, multiport repeater, or simply hub
is a network hardware device for connecting multiple Ethernet devices together and making
them act as a single network segment. It has multiple input/output (I/O) ports, in which a
signal introduced at the input of any port appears at the output of every port except the
original incoming. A hub works at the physical layer (layer 1) of the OSI model. A repeater
hub also participates in collision detection, forwarding a jam signal to all ports if it detects a
collision.
- A hub is basically a multiplexed connection device: All devices connected to a hub can send
frames to all other devices connected to the hub. A hub sends frames it receives on all
ports, except on the port where the frame is received. Thus, even if a frame is only
addressed to one of the six hosts plugged in to the hub, in reality, all five hosts, other than
the
sending host, will receive the frame. Four hosts will have to discard the frame because it is
not addressed to them. Some hubs also amplify the electrical signal before sending it on all
ports other than the originating port. Those hubs are also repeaters.
Domain Name System (DNS) - Query a name server, also known as a Domain Name System
(DNS) server to obtain the IP address for the name. DNS servers keep tables of host names
and their corresponding IP addresses. Whenever they are queried for the IP address of a
host, they search the host name in their table, and if they find it, they return the IP address.
The logical IP address can be used to obtain the physical (MAC) address to establish a
connection between the NICs. In a small network, a host can simply broadcast a request to
obtain another host's MAC address. The broadcast is sent to the data link layer broadcast
,address, which is FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF. This is the standard broadcast address to query for MAC
addresses.
In larger networks, the amount of requests on the data link layer would harm performance.
Thus, it is best to limit the size of the network.
"Noise" Generated by Broadcast Queries - One computer sends a broadcast query to every
other device in the network to obtain an IP address or a MAC address, and eventually the
target computer responds. Meanwhile, all computers in the broadcast domain have "heard"
the broadcast request. They were disturbed by a request that does not concern them. If lots
of broadcast requests are being sent on the network by hosts that just joined the network,
for example, a broadcast storm can occur: Everyone is disturbed by everyone's broadcast
request, and the network performance is considerably impacted.
Message Collision - After two computers know about each other and they start to
communicate, they send data frames on the link that is shared by all other computers in that
network segment. If two computers try to send frames at the same time, on the same wire,
the frames collide. In that case, both computers back off: They stop sending frames, they
wait a little while, and they try to resend. You have no guarantee that the frames will not
collide again when they are resent. Typically, there are few chances that they collide again,
because the two computers wait random time periods that are likely different. However,
collisions do happen, and they can slow a network considerably. The more hosts you add to a
network segment, the more chances of having frame collisions. It's best to keep network
segments as small as possible.
Switch - - You can segment a network using a data link layer switch instead of a hub. Data-
link switches are also called Layer 2 switches, because the data link layer is the second
layer in the TCP/IP protocol stack. Switches segment networks into one collision domain per
port. A collision domain is a logical space where messages can collide.
- A network switch (also called switching hub, bridging hub, officially MAC bridge) is
networking hardware that connects devices on a computer network by using packet
switching to receive and forward data to the destination device. A network switch is a
multiport network bridge that uses MAC addresses to forward data at the data link layer
(layer 2) of the OSI model. Some switches can also forward data at the network layer (layer
3) by additionally incorporating routing functionality. Such switches are commonly known as
layer-3 switches or multilayer switches.
- A switch is smarter (and more expensive) than a hub: It learns about devices that send
frames into the switch. A switch builds a MAC address table that lists the MAC address of the
host device that is sending on each port. Whenever a frame enters the switch, the switch
looks at the destination MAC address of the frame. Then, the switch looks into its MAC
address table and identifies the port that corresponds to the
destination MAC address of the frame. It then sends the frame only on that port.
Networking Concepts - Collision Domain - Is a logical network space where frames can
collide, because several hosts are sharing the bandwidth of the network medium and they
can potentially send frames on the wire at the same time. It is best to segment networks
into several smaller collision domains to reduce the chances of having frame collisions.
Networking Concepts - Bandwidth - - The maximum amount of information (Bits/Second)
that can be transmitted on a transmission medium.
- In computing, bandwidth is the maximum rate of data transfer across a given path.
Bandwidth may be characterized as network bandwidth, data bandwidth, or digital
, bandwidth.
Repeater - A hub that not only sends the frames on all ports other the originating port, but it
also amplifies the electrical signal. Amplifying the electrical signal allows the hub to send
over longer distances. Most hubs on the market today also amplify the electrical signal.
Thereby, most hubs are also repeaters. However, do not assume this during the CCNA test.
Bridge - It works very similarly to a switch, except that it uses software instead of hardware
Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) processors to process the MAC address
filtering and forwarding. Consequently, a bridge is typically slower and less expensive than a
switch. Switches have become very affordable lately, however, and it is very rare to find
bridges on the market anymore.
Function of a Switch - Each port of a switch is a collision domain. Switches learn about MAC
addresses connected to their ports, and they build an internal table that lists which MAC
address is connected to each port. The switch identifies the port where the destination MAC
address is connected and forwards the frame only on that port. Other hosts don't receive it.
This dramatically reduces collision chances and thereby improves network performance.
Switches limit the collision domain, but they do not limit the broadcast domain. The switch
broadcasts requests on all ports. Broadcast domains can be limited by either using virtual
local-area networks (VLANs) on a switch or by using routers.
Networks can be arranged in various topologies, or layouts: Point-to-Point - Two hosts
connect directly to each other. The sending end of one host is connected to the receiving
end of the other host. In its simplest form, the two hosts are connected with a crossover
cable. This is usually the case in serial connections.
Networks can be arranged in various topologies, or layouts: Explain Star Topology - Hosts
connect to a central device. All traffic flows through the central device. The star topology is
also known as a Hub-and-Spoke Topology. Ethernet networks using hubs or switches and
twisted-pair cabling are star topologies.
Networks can be arranged in various topologies, or layouts: Explain Ring Topology - Hosts
are connected sequentially in a daisy-chain fashion. Traffic flows around the ring. The last
host in the ring is connected to the first host, thereby closing the ring. Token Ring is the
typical ring topology example. Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) is also a ring topology.
Networks can be arranged in various topologies, or layouts: Explain Bus Topology - Hosts
that are are connected through a single cable, usually coaxial cable. Ethernet networks using
coaxial cable are bus topologies.
Networks can be arranged in various topologies, or layouts: Explain Mesh Topology - Multiple
hosts are connected point to point to each other. These are multiple point-to-point
connections that typically link every host in the network with every other host in the
network. You find two types of mesh topologies:
• Full-Mesh Topologies provide several connections between hosts in the network, thereby
improving reliability. The cost is high, though.
• Partial-Mesh Topologies are a good compromise because they can offer multiple
connections for certain mission-critical hosts, yet they present cost savings over full-mesh
configurations.
Exam Questions With Verified Answers
Colored Study Guide Edition – Complete Solutions – No Year
(CCNA) Cisco Certified Network Associate Exam Latest Updated
Questions With Verified Answers Download To Score
Network Devices - Can be any devices that stand between computer host devices, including
switches, routers, hubs, repeaters, and firewalls. These devices control and optimize
communication between host devices.
Network Applications - World Wide Web - Technically, this is a network application that
allows the exchange of text pages coded in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) using the
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Initially, these HTML pages only supported hyperlinks to
jump from one page to another. Now, HTTP and HTML have been augmented with dynamic
extensions to allow a much more advanced, rich, multimedia Web experience than just
jumping from one page to another.
Network Applications - Electronic Mail - This is a network application that allows the
exchange of messages between two hosts. In fact, studies show that this network application
is by far the most commonly used network application.
Network Applications - File Transfer and File Sharing - This network application allows the
transfer of files from one computer host device to another. Several variations of this
application exist, such as File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Secure FTP (SFTP), Network File
System (NFS), and Server Message Block (SMB), but all versions serve the same purpose: To
transfer files from one network host to another.
Network Applications - Remote Control - This network application allows you to control a
computer host remotely from another host in the network. As with file transfer, several
remote control applications exist, such as Windows Remote Desktop, Virtual Network
Computing (VNC), and remote shell (rsh).
Network Applications - Voice over IP (VoIP) and Video over IP - This network application
allows the transfer of voice and video signals over the Internet Protocol. Many Web sites
stream video over the Internet today. These sites use some VoIP network application to
wrap their video content in IP packets and send them over the network to the computer host
that requested the streamed video content. Another example of VoIP is Cisco IP phones,
which are being adopted today by many organizations to save costs by concentrating their
phone and data traffic over the same IP infrastructure.
Network Applications - Shared Network Storage - This network application connects
advanced specialized storage devices to a storage network, making them accessible to any
computer host connected to that storage network. Storage networks can be either
• Isolated, that is, connecting only to a few computer hosts locally
• Connected to other data networks
Network Applications - High Availability (HA) and Parallel Processing - This network
application enables computer hosts to act as a single logical host, sometimes also called a
"Computer Cluster". The hosts use clustering software that manages the logical
"supercomputer." The clustering software needs to have those physical computers
,interconnected in a network.
Purpose of Computer Networks - Computer networks were developed to aggregate the
computing power of several individual computers into initially local networks, then campus
networks, then metropolitan networks, then countrywide networks, and finally, global
networks. A computer network is a group of computer host devices that communicate with
each other.
Computer Host Devices - - Can be any other devices used to access the network, including
servers, workstations, personal computers, smart phones, and laptops.
- A network host is a computer or other device connected to a computer network. A host
may work as a server offering information resources, services, and applications to users or
other hosts on the network. Hosts are assigned at least one network address.
Computer clusters are used for the following:
• High availability: Several levels of high availability exist, but generally speaking, HA implies
that whenever one of the physical computers in the cluster fails, the remaining computer(s)
takes over the load of the failed computer.
• Parallel Processing: In parallel processing, all physical computers in the cluster can
process data at the same time, thereby improving processing speed and reliability.
Both HA and parallel processing require a network connection between the physical
computer hosts involved.
Hub - - A simple network can be three hosts connected to a hub. A hub works very much like
a multiplexer, or a multiple socket power bar: Hosts connect to the hub, and they can
"speak" and "hear" each other.
- An Ethernet hub, active hub, network hub, repeater hub, multiport repeater, or simply hub
is a network hardware device for connecting multiple Ethernet devices together and making
them act as a single network segment. It has multiple input/output (I/O) ports, in which a
signal introduced at the input of any port appears at the output of every port except the
original incoming. A hub works at the physical layer (layer 1) of the OSI model. A repeater
hub also participates in collision detection, forwarding a jam signal to all ports if it detects a
collision.
- A hub is basically a multiplexed connection device: All devices connected to a hub can send
frames to all other devices connected to the hub. A hub sends frames it receives on all
ports, except on the port where the frame is received. Thus, even if a frame is only
addressed to one of the six hosts plugged in to the hub, in reality, all five hosts, other than
the
sending host, will receive the frame. Four hosts will have to discard the frame because it is
not addressed to them. Some hubs also amplify the electrical signal before sending it on all
ports other than the originating port. Those hubs are also repeaters.
Domain Name System (DNS) - Query a name server, also known as a Domain Name System
(DNS) server to obtain the IP address for the name. DNS servers keep tables of host names
and their corresponding IP addresses. Whenever they are queried for the IP address of a
host, they search the host name in their table, and if they find it, they return the IP address.
The logical IP address can be used to obtain the physical (MAC) address to establish a
connection between the NICs. In a small network, a host can simply broadcast a request to
obtain another host's MAC address. The broadcast is sent to the data link layer broadcast
,address, which is FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF. This is the standard broadcast address to query for MAC
addresses.
In larger networks, the amount of requests on the data link layer would harm performance.
Thus, it is best to limit the size of the network.
"Noise" Generated by Broadcast Queries - One computer sends a broadcast query to every
other device in the network to obtain an IP address or a MAC address, and eventually the
target computer responds. Meanwhile, all computers in the broadcast domain have "heard"
the broadcast request. They were disturbed by a request that does not concern them. If lots
of broadcast requests are being sent on the network by hosts that just joined the network,
for example, a broadcast storm can occur: Everyone is disturbed by everyone's broadcast
request, and the network performance is considerably impacted.
Message Collision - After two computers know about each other and they start to
communicate, they send data frames on the link that is shared by all other computers in that
network segment. If two computers try to send frames at the same time, on the same wire,
the frames collide. In that case, both computers back off: They stop sending frames, they
wait a little while, and they try to resend. You have no guarantee that the frames will not
collide again when they are resent. Typically, there are few chances that they collide again,
because the two computers wait random time periods that are likely different. However,
collisions do happen, and they can slow a network considerably. The more hosts you add to a
network segment, the more chances of having frame collisions. It's best to keep network
segments as small as possible.
Switch - - You can segment a network using a data link layer switch instead of a hub. Data-
link switches are also called Layer 2 switches, because the data link layer is the second
layer in the TCP/IP protocol stack. Switches segment networks into one collision domain per
port. A collision domain is a logical space where messages can collide.
- A network switch (also called switching hub, bridging hub, officially MAC bridge) is
networking hardware that connects devices on a computer network by using packet
switching to receive and forward data to the destination device. A network switch is a
multiport network bridge that uses MAC addresses to forward data at the data link layer
(layer 2) of the OSI model. Some switches can also forward data at the network layer (layer
3) by additionally incorporating routing functionality. Such switches are commonly known as
layer-3 switches or multilayer switches.
- A switch is smarter (and more expensive) than a hub: It learns about devices that send
frames into the switch. A switch builds a MAC address table that lists the MAC address of the
host device that is sending on each port. Whenever a frame enters the switch, the switch
looks at the destination MAC address of the frame. Then, the switch looks into its MAC
address table and identifies the port that corresponds to the
destination MAC address of the frame. It then sends the frame only on that port.
Networking Concepts - Collision Domain - Is a logical network space where frames can
collide, because several hosts are sharing the bandwidth of the network medium and they
can potentially send frames on the wire at the same time. It is best to segment networks
into several smaller collision domains to reduce the chances of having frame collisions.
Networking Concepts - Bandwidth - - The maximum amount of information (Bits/Second)
that can be transmitted on a transmission medium.
- In computing, bandwidth is the maximum rate of data transfer across a given path.
Bandwidth may be characterized as network bandwidth, data bandwidth, or digital
, bandwidth.
Repeater - A hub that not only sends the frames on all ports other the originating port, but it
also amplifies the electrical signal. Amplifying the electrical signal allows the hub to send
over longer distances. Most hubs on the market today also amplify the electrical signal.
Thereby, most hubs are also repeaters. However, do not assume this during the CCNA test.
Bridge - It works very similarly to a switch, except that it uses software instead of hardware
Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) processors to process the MAC address
filtering and forwarding. Consequently, a bridge is typically slower and less expensive than a
switch. Switches have become very affordable lately, however, and it is very rare to find
bridges on the market anymore.
Function of a Switch - Each port of a switch is a collision domain. Switches learn about MAC
addresses connected to their ports, and they build an internal table that lists which MAC
address is connected to each port. The switch identifies the port where the destination MAC
address is connected and forwards the frame only on that port. Other hosts don't receive it.
This dramatically reduces collision chances and thereby improves network performance.
Switches limit the collision domain, but they do not limit the broadcast domain. The switch
broadcasts requests on all ports. Broadcast domains can be limited by either using virtual
local-area networks (VLANs) on a switch or by using routers.
Networks can be arranged in various topologies, or layouts: Point-to-Point - Two hosts
connect directly to each other. The sending end of one host is connected to the receiving
end of the other host. In its simplest form, the two hosts are connected with a crossover
cable. This is usually the case in serial connections.
Networks can be arranged in various topologies, or layouts: Explain Star Topology - Hosts
connect to a central device. All traffic flows through the central device. The star topology is
also known as a Hub-and-Spoke Topology. Ethernet networks using hubs or switches and
twisted-pair cabling are star topologies.
Networks can be arranged in various topologies, or layouts: Explain Ring Topology - Hosts
are connected sequentially in a daisy-chain fashion. Traffic flows around the ring. The last
host in the ring is connected to the first host, thereby closing the ring. Token Ring is the
typical ring topology example. Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) is also a ring topology.
Networks can be arranged in various topologies, or layouts: Explain Bus Topology - Hosts
that are are connected through a single cable, usually coaxial cable. Ethernet networks using
coaxial cable are bus topologies.
Networks can be arranged in various topologies, or layouts: Explain Mesh Topology - Multiple
hosts are connected point to point to each other. These are multiple point-to-point
connections that typically link every host in the network with every other host in the
network. You find two types of mesh topologies:
• Full-Mesh Topologies provide several connections between hosts in the network, thereby
improving reliability. The cost is high, though.
• Partial-Mesh Topologies are a good compromise because they can offer multiple
connections for certain mission-critical hosts, yet they present cost savings over full-mesh
configurations.
