,NR 507 Midterm Exam | Chamberlain Pathophysiology
Actual Questions and Answers (PDF)
EXAM OVERVIEW:
Week Content Area Topics
Week Hypersensitivity reactions (Types I-IV),
Immunological Pathologies
1 autoimmunity, HIV/AIDS, inflammation
Week Hematological & Anemias, clotting disorders, CAD, heart failure,
2 Cardiovascular Pathologies valvular disease
Week Asthma, COPD, restrictive/obstructive lung
Pulmonary Pathologies
3 disease, RDS
Week
Urinary System Pathologies AKI, CKD, BPH, UTIs, incontinence
4
Question 1
A client presents with enlargement of the left ventricle due to long-standing
hypertension. This is an example of which type of cellular adaptation?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Correct Answer: B) Hypertrophy
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size leading to organ enlargement. The left
ventricle enlarges in response to increased workload (hypertension) because cardiac
muscle cells cannot divide (hyperplasia). This is a classic adaptive response to chronic
pressure overload .
,Question 2
A client who smokes has a change in the bronchial epithelium from ciliated columnar to
stratified squamous. This is an example of:
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Correct Answer: D) Metaplasia
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with
another. In smokers, the normal ciliated columnar epithelium of the bronchi is replaced by
stratified squamous epithelium as an adaptive response to chronic irritation .
Question 3
A patient with a history of chronic hepatitis B develops liver fibrosis and a shrunken,
nodular liver tissue. This irreversible cellular change is best described as:
A) Hyperplasia
B) Metaplasia
C) Dysplasia
D) Cirrhosis
Correct Answer: D) Cirrhosis
Rationale: Cirrhosis is the end-stage result of chronic liver injury, characterized by
irreversible fibrosis and the formation of regenerative nodules. It is not a cellular
adaptation like the other options .
Question 4
Which cellular adaptation is most likely to occur in the bladder epithelium of a chronic
smoker in response to chronic irritation?
, A) Squamous metaplasia
B) Columnar metaplasia
C) Glandular hyperplasia
D) Transitional to squamous metaplasia
Correct Answer: D) Transitional to squamous metaplasia
Rationale: Chronic irritation, such as from smoking, can cause the normal transitional
epithelium of the bladder to undergo metaplasia, converting into a more resilient stratified
squamous epithelium. This change can increase the risk for cancer .
Question 5
Reversible cell injury is characterized by:
A) Nuclear fragmentation
B) Cellular swelling and fatty change
C) Lysosomal rupture
D) Plasma membrane disruption
Correct Answer: B) Cellular swelling and fatty change
Rationale: Reversible cell injury causes cellular swelling (due to impaired Na+/K+ pump)
and fatty change (due to lipid accumulation). Irreversible injury includes nuclear changes
and membrane disruption .
Question 6
Which of the following is an irreversible change in cell injury?
A) Cellular swelling
B) Fatty change
C) Pyknosis (nuclear shrinkage)
D) Loss of microvilli
Correct Answer: C) Pyknosis (nuclear shrinkage)
Rationale: Pyknosis (nuclear shrinkage), karyorrhexis (nuclear fragmentation), and
karyolysis (nuclear dissolution) are irreversible nuclear changes indicating cell death .
Actual Questions and Answers (PDF)
EXAM OVERVIEW:
Week Content Area Topics
Week Hypersensitivity reactions (Types I-IV),
Immunological Pathologies
1 autoimmunity, HIV/AIDS, inflammation
Week Hematological & Anemias, clotting disorders, CAD, heart failure,
2 Cardiovascular Pathologies valvular disease
Week Asthma, COPD, restrictive/obstructive lung
Pulmonary Pathologies
3 disease, RDS
Week
Urinary System Pathologies AKI, CKD, BPH, UTIs, incontinence
4
Question 1
A client presents with enlargement of the left ventricle due to long-standing
hypertension. This is an example of which type of cellular adaptation?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Correct Answer: B) Hypertrophy
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size leading to organ enlargement. The left
ventricle enlarges in response to increased workload (hypertension) because cardiac
muscle cells cannot divide (hyperplasia). This is a classic adaptive response to chronic
pressure overload .
,Question 2
A client who smokes has a change in the bronchial epithelium from ciliated columnar to
stratified squamous. This is an example of:
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Correct Answer: D) Metaplasia
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with
another. In smokers, the normal ciliated columnar epithelium of the bronchi is replaced by
stratified squamous epithelium as an adaptive response to chronic irritation .
Question 3
A patient with a history of chronic hepatitis B develops liver fibrosis and a shrunken,
nodular liver tissue. This irreversible cellular change is best described as:
A) Hyperplasia
B) Metaplasia
C) Dysplasia
D) Cirrhosis
Correct Answer: D) Cirrhosis
Rationale: Cirrhosis is the end-stage result of chronic liver injury, characterized by
irreversible fibrosis and the formation of regenerative nodules. It is not a cellular
adaptation like the other options .
Question 4
Which cellular adaptation is most likely to occur in the bladder epithelium of a chronic
smoker in response to chronic irritation?
, A) Squamous metaplasia
B) Columnar metaplasia
C) Glandular hyperplasia
D) Transitional to squamous metaplasia
Correct Answer: D) Transitional to squamous metaplasia
Rationale: Chronic irritation, such as from smoking, can cause the normal transitional
epithelium of the bladder to undergo metaplasia, converting into a more resilient stratified
squamous epithelium. This change can increase the risk for cancer .
Question 5
Reversible cell injury is characterized by:
A) Nuclear fragmentation
B) Cellular swelling and fatty change
C) Lysosomal rupture
D) Plasma membrane disruption
Correct Answer: B) Cellular swelling and fatty change
Rationale: Reversible cell injury causes cellular swelling (due to impaired Na+/K+ pump)
and fatty change (due to lipid accumulation). Irreversible injury includes nuclear changes
and membrane disruption .
Question 6
Which of the following is an irreversible change in cell injury?
A) Cellular swelling
B) Fatty change
C) Pyknosis (nuclear shrinkage)
D) Loss of microvilli
Correct Answer: C) Pyknosis (nuclear shrinkage)
Rationale: Pyknosis (nuclear shrinkage), karyorrhexis (nuclear fragmentation), and
karyolysis (nuclear dissolution) are irreversible nuclear changes indicating cell death .
