MULTICULTURAL COUNSELING STUDY GUIDE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SET A+
✔✔evolution from pre-encounter to internaliation stages - ✔✔reflects a movement from
psychological dysfunction to psychological health
✔✔race salience - ✔✔the degree to which race is an important and integral part of a
person's approach to life
✔✔pre-encounter assimilation - ✔✔low salience for race and a neutral valence toward
Blackness
✔✔pre-encounter anti-Blacks - ✔✔describes those who hate blacks and hate being
black (high negative salience)
✔✔internalization - ✔✔combination of 4th and 5th stages Black self-acceptance and
can be manifested in three types of identities 1. Black nationalist (high black positive
race salience) 2. biculturalist (blackness and fused sense of americanness) 3.
multiculturalist (multiple identity formation, including race, gender, sexual orientation,
etc)
✔✔Asian American Identity Development Models - ✔✔traditionalist, marginal person,
and Asian American developed by Sue and Sue
✔✔traditionalist - ✔✔a person who internalizes conventional Chinese customs and
values, resists acculturation forces, and believes in the "old ways"
✔✔marginal person - ✔✔a person who attempts to assimilate and acculturate into white
society, rejects traditional chinese ways, internalizes society's negativism toward
minority groups, and may develop racial self hatred
, ✔✔Asian American - ✔✔a person who is in the process of forming a positive identity,
who is ethnically and politically aware, and who becomes increasingly bicultural
✔✔Kitano's model for Japanese American role behaviors - ✔✔positive positive,
negative-positive, positive-negative, and negative-negative
✔✔positive-positive - ✔✔in which the person identifies with both Japanese and White
cultures without role conflicts
✔✔negative-positive - ✔✔in which there is a rejection of white culture and acceptance
of Japanese American culture with accompanying role conflicts
✔✔positive-negative - ✔✔in which the person accepts white culture and rejects
Japanese culture, with concomitant role conflict
✔✔negative-negative - ✔✔in which one rejects both
✔✔J. Kim with Japanese American women - ✔✔ethnic awareness, white identification,
awakening to social political consciousness, redirection, and incorporation
✔✔ethnic awareness stage - ✔✔begins at 3-4, when the child's family members serve
as the significant ethnic group model. positive or neutral attitudes towards one's own
ethnic origin are formed depending on the amount of ethnic exposure conveyed by the
care takers
✔✔white identification stage - ✔✔begins when children enter school where peers and
the surroundings become powerful forces in conveying racial prejudice that negatively
impacts their self esteem and identity. realization of differentness leads to self blame
and a desire to escape racial heritage and identify with white society
✔✔awakening to social political consciousness - ✔✔mean with adoption of a new
perspective, often correlated with increased political awareness. civil rights and
women's movements my precipitate this new awakening. result is an abandoning of
identification with white society and a consequent understanding of oppression and
oppressed groups.
✔✔redirection stage - ✔✔reconnection or renewed connection with one's Asian
American heritage and culture. realization that white oppression is the culprit for the
negative experiences of youth. anger against white racism may become a defining
theme with concomitant increases of Asian American self-pride and group pride
✔✔incorporation stage - ✔✔highest form of identity evolution. encompasses the
development of a positive and comfortable identity as Asian American and consequent
respect for other cultural/racial heritages. identification for or against white culture is no
longer an important issue
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SET A+
✔✔evolution from pre-encounter to internaliation stages - ✔✔reflects a movement from
psychological dysfunction to psychological health
✔✔race salience - ✔✔the degree to which race is an important and integral part of a
person's approach to life
✔✔pre-encounter assimilation - ✔✔low salience for race and a neutral valence toward
Blackness
✔✔pre-encounter anti-Blacks - ✔✔describes those who hate blacks and hate being
black (high negative salience)
✔✔internalization - ✔✔combination of 4th and 5th stages Black self-acceptance and
can be manifested in three types of identities 1. Black nationalist (high black positive
race salience) 2. biculturalist (blackness and fused sense of americanness) 3.
multiculturalist (multiple identity formation, including race, gender, sexual orientation,
etc)
✔✔Asian American Identity Development Models - ✔✔traditionalist, marginal person,
and Asian American developed by Sue and Sue
✔✔traditionalist - ✔✔a person who internalizes conventional Chinese customs and
values, resists acculturation forces, and believes in the "old ways"
✔✔marginal person - ✔✔a person who attempts to assimilate and acculturate into white
society, rejects traditional chinese ways, internalizes society's negativism toward
minority groups, and may develop racial self hatred
, ✔✔Asian American - ✔✔a person who is in the process of forming a positive identity,
who is ethnically and politically aware, and who becomes increasingly bicultural
✔✔Kitano's model for Japanese American role behaviors - ✔✔positive positive,
negative-positive, positive-negative, and negative-negative
✔✔positive-positive - ✔✔in which the person identifies with both Japanese and White
cultures without role conflicts
✔✔negative-positive - ✔✔in which there is a rejection of white culture and acceptance
of Japanese American culture with accompanying role conflicts
✔✔positive-negative - ✔✔in which the person accepts white culture and rejects
Japanese culture, with concomitant role conflict
✔✔negative-negative - ✔✔in which one rejects both
✔✔J. Kim with Japanese American women - ✔✔ethnic awareness, white identification,
awakening to social political consciousness, redirection, and incorporation
✔✔ethnic awareness stage - ✔✔begins at 3-4, when the child's family members serve
as the significant ethnic group model. positive or neutral attitudes towards one's own
ethnic origin are formed depending on the amount of ethnic exposure conveyed by the
care takers
✔✔white identification stage - ✔✔begins when children enter school where peers and
the surroundings become powerful forces in conveying racial prejudice that negatively
impacts their self esteem and identity. realization of differentness leads to self blame
and a desire to escape racial heritage and identify with white society
✔✔awakening to social political consciousness - ✔✔mean with adoption of a new
perspective, often correlated with increased political awareness. civil rights and
women's movements my precipitate this new awakening. result is an abandoning of
identification with white society and a consequent understanding of oppression and
oppressed groups.
✔✔redirection stage - ✔✔reconnection or renewed connection with one's Asian
American heritage and culture. realization that white oppression is the culprit for the
negative experiences of youth. anger against white racism may become a defining
theme with concomitant increases of Asian American self-pride and group pride
✔✔incorporation stage - ✔✔highest form of identity evolution. encompasses the
development of a positive and comfortable identity as Asian American and consequent
respect for other cultural/racial heritages. identification for or against white culture is no
longer an important issue
