NATS 1670 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
2026|027
What was the life expectancy in the early 1900's? - Answers - Under the age of 50, with
a 25% child mortality rate.
When was the first vaccine created? - Answers - 1880
____________ _____________ can reduce life expectancy dramatically, due to the lack
of __________________. - Answers - INFECTIOUS DISEASES can reduce life
expectancy dramatically, due to the lack of CONTROL.
Upon early discover, microbes were viewed as? - Answers - Enemies, until used in
medicine.
What are the beneficial roles of microbes? - Answers - - waste breakdown/food
production
- provides protection against more virulent microbe
- drug preparation (penicillin, insulin)
- making vitamins
- digestion
What does mutual life mean, when in context with microbes? - Answers - Microbes keep
us alive and we keep them alive.
What is a chronic disease? - Answers - a disease that does NOT kill its host quickly
What is an acute disease? - Answers - A disease that DOES cause death quickly.
What does the natural evolution of a microbe operate on? - Answers - The natural
evolution of a microbe operates on its spreading capacity. NOT the ability to cause
disease
What does microbial natural selection favour? - Answers - Microbial natural selection
favours less or non-violent microbes.
Which kind of microbes can live in a host WITHOUT causing damage? - Answers -
Microbes that are well-adapted to its host
What epidemics were caused by microbes? - Answers - - Small Pox
- Bubonic Plague
- Spanish Influenza
,What were the three causes that moved society away from Infectious Diseases? -
Answers - - Better Sanitation
- Vaccines
- Antibiotics
Why will society never be clear of infectious diseases? - Answers - - development of
drug resistant strains
- outbreaks of existing diseases
- New disease causing agents
What does Dr. Margret Chan believe will happen in the future? - Answers - -We risk
entering a post-antibiotic era
- this will cause an end to modern medicine
What is Necrotizing Fasciitis - Answers - Flesh eating Disease
Who is to blame for the development of Drug-resistant strains? - Answers - - Farmers
- Health Workers
- Patients
- Hospitals
What is the man/wild life origin of these dieseases
1) AIDS
2) Saars
3) West Nile Virus (WNV)
4) Influenza
5) Monkey Pox - Answers - Man Made Wild Life
1) Sexual Activity, Drug addiction, Chimpanzee (SIV)
Blood
2) Restaurants, Hotels, Hospitals Bats, Palm civet
3) Tires from Africa Wild Birds
4) Poultry Farms Wild Aquatic Birds
5) Pet Retailers and Stores Wild Rodents in Africa
What is Bioterrorism? - Answers - The intentional release of bacteria or toxins for the
purpose of harming or killing
Why was the eradication of small pox so successful? - Answers - - very good vaccine
- only has one host: humans
3) Very clear symptoms
, What are the factors affecting the emergence of disease? - Answers - - Microbial
Adaptation
-Drug Resistance
-Human Behaviour
- International Travel
- Sexual Activity
- Human Susceptibility to infection
- Poverty, Malnutrition, Poor Sanitation
- Changing Ecosystems
- Global Warming
- Climate and Weather
- Wars
- Bioterrorism
What is Light Microscopy - Answers - - you can only see the shape of the cell
Electron Microscopy - Answers - - allows you to see the inner parts, allowing you to
learn more
What is a cell - Answers - the basic unit of life
What is a Unicellular cell - Answers - a single cell organism
What is a multi-cellular cell - Answers - a cell made up of several to billions of cells
What is a prokaryote - Answers - a cell without a nucleus
what is a eukaryote - Answers - a cell with a nucleus
What is the plasma membrane - Answers - - separates the inside of a cell from the
outside environment
- provides a surface on which chemical reactions occur
- regulates passage of materials into.out of the cells
- separates cells from one another
What is the Membrane Structure - Answers - a structure of phospholipids is responsible
for the basic functions of membranes and barriers between two polar compartments
What is a phospolipid? - Answers - - has one
-hyprophilic head (loves H2O)
-hydrophobic tail (hates H2O)
What is the structure of the plasma membrane - Answers - HEAD
phosphate + glycerol and hydrophilic
TAIL
hydrophobic portion of two molecules or tend to associate with each other
2026|027
What was the life expectancy in the early 1900's? - Answers - Under the age of 50, with
a 25% child mortality rate.
When was the first vaccine created? - Answers - 1880
____________ _____________ can reduce life expectancy dramatically, due to the lack
of __________________. - Answers - INFECTIOUS DISEASES can reduce life
expectancy dramatically, due to the lack of CONTROL.
Upon early discover, microbes were viewed as? - Answers - Enemies, until used in
medicine.
What are the beneficial roles of microbes? - Answers - - waste breakdown/food
production
- provides protection against more virulent microbe
- drug preparation (penicillin, insulin)
- making vitamins
- digestion
What does mutual life mean, when in context with microbes? - Answers - Microbes keep
us alive and we keep them alive.
What is a chronic disease? - Answers - a disease that does NOT kill its host quickly
What is an acute disease? - Answers - A disease that DOES cause death quickly.
What does the natural evolution of a microbe operate on? - Answers - The natural
evolution of a microbe operates on its spreading capacity. NOT the ability to cause
disease
What does microbial natural selection favour? - Answers - Microbial natural selection
favours less or non-violent microbes.
Which kind of microbes can live in a host WITHOUT causing damage? - Answers -
Microbes that are well-adapted to its host
What epidemics were caused by microbes? - Answers - - Small Pox
- Bubonic Plague
- Spanish Influenza
,What were the three causes that moved society away from Infectious Diseases? -
Answers - - Better Sanitation
- Vaccines
- Antibiotics
Why will society never be clear of infectious diseases? - Answers - - development of
drug resistant strains
- outbreaks of existing diseases
- New disease causing agents
What does Dr. Margret Chan believe will happen in the future? - Answers - -We risk
entering a post-antibiotic era
- this will cause an end to modern medicine
What is Necrotizing Fasciitis - Answers - Flesh eating Disease
Who is to blame for the development of Drug-resistant strains? - Answers - - Farmers
- Health Workers
- Patients
- Hospitals
What is the man/wild life origin of these dieseases
1) AIDS
2) Saars
3) West Nile Virus (WNV)
4) Influenza
5) Monkey Pox - Answers - Man Made Wild Life
1) Sexual Activity, Drug addiction, Chimpanzee (SIV)
Blood
2) Restaurants, Hotels, Hospitals Bats, Palm civet
3) Tires from Africa Wild Birds
4) Poultry Farms Wild Aquatic Birds
5) Pet Retailers and Stores Wild Rodents in Africa
What is Bioterrorism? - Answers - The intentional release of bacteria or toxins for the
purpose of harming or killing
Why was the eradication of small pox so successful? - Answers - - very good vaccine
- only has one host: humans
3) Very clear symptoms
, What are the factors affecting the emergence of disease? - Answers - - Microbial
Adaptation
-Drug Resistance
-Human Behaviour
- International Travel
- Sexual Activity
- Human Susceptibility to infection
- Poverty, Malnutrition, Poor Sanitation
- Changing Ecosystems
- Global Warming
- Climate and Weather
- Wars
- Bioterrorism
What is Light Microscopy - Answers - - you can only see the shape of the cell
Electron Microscopy - Answers - - allows you to see the inner parts, allowing you to
learn more
What is a cell - Answers - the basic unit of life
What is a Unicellular cell - Answers - a single cell organism
What is a multi-cellular cell - Answers - a cell made up of several to billions of cells
What is a prokaryote - Answers - a cell without a nucleus
what is a eukaryote - Answers - a cell with a nucleus
What is the plasma membrane - Answers - - separates the inside of a cell from the
outside environment
- provides a surface on which chemical reactions occur
- regulates passage of materials into.out of the cells
- separates cells from one another
What is the Membrane Structure - Answers - a structure of phospholipids is responsible
for the basic functions of membranes and barriers between two polar compartments
What is a phospolipid? - Answers - - has one
-hyprophilic head (loves H2O)
-hydrophobic tail (hates H2O)
What is the structure of the plasma membrane - Answers - HEAD
phosphate + glycerol and hydrophilic
TAIL
hydrophobic portion of two molecules or tend to associate with each other
