Clin Apps II - Exam 2
(2025-2026)
Question and Answers
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(With A+ Grades Guarantee)
,coronary artery disease (CAD) asymptomatic or chronic stable angina; O2 demand higher than supply because of
blockage, impaired CO and perfusion
atheroma fatty deposits in the coronary arteries (CAD)
ASHD arteriosclerotic heart disease
CVHD cardiovascular heart disease
IHD ischemic heart disease
CHD coronary heart disease
intima of artery whole inside of artery
endothelium of artery tissue that covers the inside of the artery
atherosclerosis process asymptomatic until stage C with formation of fibrous plaques, stage D needs
emergent stent placement; HTN common cause of injury that starts atherosclerosis
process, plaque collects on damaged areas
C-reactive protein (CRP) nonspecific inflammation marker, increased in many CAD patients
linked to unstable plaques and oxidation of LDL cholesterol which makes it stick to
the intima/endothelial walls more easily)
collateral circulation arterial anastomoses/connections within coronary circulation, occurs when
occlusion happens over slow period of time; there is still decreased perfusion and
symptomatic but heart will still be able to beat until intervention occurs
white population CAD incidence high incidence, most diagnosed
african american CAD incidence early onset, higher rates of death (obesity and HTN), heart disease starts earlier
and they are more likely to die because of it than white people
native american CAD incidence earlier deaths, die the soones, live the shortest amount of time with heart disease
hispanic CAD incidence lower rates, lowest death rate associated with CAD
, modifiable CAD risk factors elevated serum lipids
HTN
tobacco use
physical inactivity
obesity
diabetes
metabolic syndrome (insulin resistance)
psychologic states
homocysteine level
substance abuse
homocysteine amino acid involved in production of methionine and cysteine, increased level
contributes to increased LDL, chronic elevation linked to CVD and increased CAD
risk
CAD FITT formula 30 minutes most days and weight training 2 days a week
CAD nutritional therapy decrease saturated fats and cholesterol
increase complex carbohydrates and fiber
decrease red meat, egg yolks, whole milk
increase omega-3 fatty acids
lipid-lowering drug therapy for CAD only if diet and exercise ineffective
statins
niacin
fibric acid derivatives
bile acid sequestrants
Ezetimibe (Zetia)
antiplatelet therapy for CAD ASA and clopidogrel (Plavix)
statins for CAD inhibit cholesterol synthesis, decrease LDL, increase HDL, lower CRP
monitor for liver damage and myopathy
niacin for CAD B vitamin, turns food into energy, lowers LDL and TG by inhibiting synthesis
increases HDL
side effects: flushing, pruritus, GI side effects, orthostatic hypotension
fibric acid derivatives for CAD decreases TGs and increases HDL, GI side effects
bile acid sequestrants for CAD increases conversion of cholesterol to bile acids
GI side effects, bind with other drugs
Ezetimibe for CAD decreases absorption of dietary and biliary cholesterol
chronic stable angina when heart doesn't get enough oxygen-rich blood, especially during physical activity
or stress, feels like pressure/tightness in chest and can spread
increases risk of more serious heart problems over time if left untreated
anaerobic metabolism creates lactic acid which irritates nerve fibers to cause the
chest pain
nocturnal angina occurs only at night but not necessarily during sleep
(2025-2026)
Question and Answers
Expert Verified
(With A+ Grades Guarantee)
,coronary artery disease (CAD) asymptomatic or chronic stable angina; O2 demand higher than supply because of
blockage, impaired CO and perfusion
atheroma fatty deposits in the coronary arteries (CAD)
ASHD arteriosclerotic heart disease
CVHD cardiovascular heart disease
IHD ischemic heart disease
CHD coronary heart disease
intima of artery whole inside of artery
endothelium of artery tissue that covers the inside of the artery
atherosclerosis process asymptomatic until stage C with formation of fibrous plaques, stage D needs
emergent stent placement; HTN common cause of injury that starts atherosclerosis
process, plaque collects on damaged areas
C-reactive protein (CRP) nonspecific inflammation marker, increased in many CAD patients
linked to unstable plaques and oxidation of LDL cholesterol which makes it stick to
the intima/endothelial walls more easily)
collateral circulation arterial anastomoses/connections within coronary circulation, occurs when
occlusion happens over slow period of time; there is still decreased perfusion and
symptomatic but heart will still be able to beat until intervention occurs
white population CAD incidence high incidence, most diagnosed
african american CAD incidence early onset, higher rates of death (obesity and HTN), heart disease starts earlier
and they are more likely to die because of it than white people
native american CAD incidence earlier deaths, die the soones, live the shortest amount of time with heart disease
hispanic CAD incidence lower rates, lowest death rate associated with CAD
, modifiable CAD risk factors elevated serum lipids
HTN
tobacco use
physical inactivity
obesity
diabetes
metabolic syndrome (insulin resistance)
psychologic states
homocysteine level
substance abuse
homocysteine amino acid involved in production of methionine and cysteine, increased level
contributes to increased LDL, chronic elevation linked to CVD and increased CAD
risk
CAD FITT formula 30 minutes most days and weight training 2 days a week
CAD nutritional therapy decrease saturated fats and cholesterol
increase complex carbohydrates and fiber
decrease red meat, egg yolks, whole milk
increase omega-3 fatty acids
lipid-lowering drug therapy for CAD only if diet and exercise ineffective
statins
niacin
fibric acid derivatives
bile acid sequestrants
Ezetimibe (Zetia)
antiplatelet therapy for CAD ASA and clopidogrel (Plavix)
statins for CAD inhibit cholesterol synthesis, decrease LDL, increase HDL, lower CRP
monitor for liver damage and myopathy
niacin for CAD B vitamin, turns food into energy, lowers LDL and TG by inhibiting synthesis
increases HDL
side effects: flushing, pruritus, GI side effects, orthostatic hypotension
fibric acid derivatives for CAD decreases TGs and increases HDL, GI side effects
bile acid sequestrants for CAD increases conversion of cholesterol to bile acids
GI side effects, bind with other drugs
Ezetimibe for CAD decreases absorption of dietary and biliary cholesterol
chronic stable angina when heart doesn't get enough oxygen-rich blood, especially during physical activity
or stress, feels like pressure/tightness in chest and can spread
increases risk of more serious heart problems over time if left untreated
anaerobic metabolism creates lactic acid which irritates nerve fibers to cause the
chest pain
nocturnal angina occurs only at night but not necessarily during sleep
