Pharm 1 Final Exam – Nagelhout Verified Questions and Answers 2026/2027 |
Complete Pharmacology Study Guide | A+ Grade
Pharamcology - (ANSWER)study of the effect of chemicals on living tissue
Pharmacokinetics - (ANSWER)"what the body does to the drug" - asborption, distribution, metabolism,
excretion
Pharmaceutics - (ANSWER)the formulation and preparation of drugs
Pharacoeconomics - (ANSWER)the study of the economic impact of drugs
Toxicology - (ANSWER)study of harmful effects of chemicals; pharmacology of high doses
Pharmacognosy - (ANSWER)The study of drugs that are obtained from natural plant and animal sources.
Pharmacy - (ANSWER)the study of preparing and dispensing drugs
Pharmacogenetics - (ANSWER)genetic influences by and on drugs
Pharacodynamics - (ANSWER)what the drug does to the body; mechanism of action
Pharacogenomics - (ANSWER)discrete genetic differences among individuals
Pharmacoepidemiology - (ANSWER)the study of the use and effects of drugs on large groups of people
What are the 2 types of ligands? - (ANSWER)Agonists and Antagonists
,Pharm 1 Final Exam – Nagelhout Verified Questions and Answers 2026/2027 |
Complete Pharmacology Study Guide | A+ Grade
What does an agonist drug do? - (ANSWER)Binds to a receptor and causes a response
What does an antagonist do? - (ANSWER)binds to a receptor and BLOCKS the function that receptor
serves
What is competitive binding? - (ANSWER)reversible (most drugs); as drug wears off, there will be a
higher concentration of something else in the body that will bind to those receptors. These drugs
possess a weak affinity for the receptors.
What is non-competitive binding? - (ANSWER)Non-reversible; once it binds it is there forever. Possesses
a strong affinity, cannot be displaced. Example: aspirin to platelets
True or False: Complete saturation of available receptors with drug molecules is not necessary for
desired response? - (ANSWER)True
List chemical bonds from strongest to weakest: - (ANSWER)Covalent, Ionic, Hydrogen, Hydrophobic, Van
der Waals
What 4 properties are on a dose response curve? - (ANSWER)Affinity (potency), Efficacy, Variability,
Slope
ED50 - (ANSWER)Effective dose in 50% of the population
TD50 - (ANSWER)toxic dose in 50% of the population
LD50 - (ANSWER)lethal dose for 50% of the population
What is the therapeutic index? - (ANSWER)LD50/ED50
, Pharm 1 Final Exam – Nagelhout Verified Questions and Answers 2026/2027 |
Complete Pharmacology Study Guide | A+ Grade
What is the therapeutic window? - (ANSWER)TD50/ED50; estimation of drug dosage which can treat
disease effectively while staying within the safety range
Do you want a higher or a lower therapeutic index? Why? - (ANSWER)Higher; means it takes "x" times as
much of the drug to kill the patient as it does to treat them effectively
How would the addition of an opioid antagonist affect the dose response curve of an opioid? -
(ANSWER)It would shift the curve to the right, drug can still get to the ED50 and maximum efficacy, just
requires a higher dose
What is down-regulation? Example? - (ANSWER)Continued stimulation causes decrease in quantity and
quality (sensitivity) of receptors. AKA Tolerance.
Example: continued use of B-agonists (albuterol) makes it less effective
What is up-regulation? Example? - (ANSWER)Chronic receptor blockade results in increase in quantity
and quality (sensitivity) of receptors.
Example: Beta blockers requiring up-titration with chronic use
Why should you not abruptly stop taking beta blockers? - (ANSWER)Because of up-regulation, there will
be a profound rebound effect
Drug Interactions: Addition - (ANSWER)1+1=2, two drugs via same mechanism produce additive effect
Drug Interactions: Synergism - (ANSWER)1+1=3; effect of two combined drugs is greater than the sum of
their individual effects
Complete Pharmacology Study Guide | A+ Grade
Pharamcology - (ANSWER)study of the effect of chemicals on living tissue
Pharmacokinetics - (ANSWER)"what the body does to the drug" - asborption, distribution, metabolism,
excretion
Pharmaceutics - (ANSWER)the formulation and preparation of drugs
Pharacoeconomics - (ANSWER)the study of the economic impact of drugs
Toxicology - (ANSWER)study of harmful effects of chemicals; pharmacology of high doses
Pharmacognosy - (ANSWER)The study of drugs that are obtained from natural plant and animal sources.
Pharmacy - (ANSWER)the study of preparing and dispensing drugs
Pharmacogenetics - (ANSWER)genetic influences by and on drugs
Pharacodynamics - (ANSWER)what the drug does to the body; mechanism of action
Pharacogenomics - (ANSWER)discrete genetic differences among individuals
Pharmacoepidemiology - (ANSWER)the study of the use and effects of drugs on large groups of people
What are the 2 types of ligands? - (ANSWER)Agonists and Antagonists
,Pharm 1 Final Exam – Nagelhout Verified Questions and Answers 2026/2027 |
Complete Pharmacology Study Guide | A+ Grade
What does an agonist drug do? - (ANSWER)Binds to a receptor and causes a response
What does an antagonist do? - (ANSWER)binds to a receptor and BLOCKS the function that receptor
serves
What is competitive binding? - (ANSWER)reversible (most drugs); as drug wears off, there will be a
higher concentration of something else in the body that will bind to those receptors. These drugs
possess a weak affinity for the receptors.
What is non-competitive binding? - (ANSWER)Non-reversible; once it binds it is there forever. Possesses
a strong affinity, cannot be displaced. Example: aspirin to platelets
True or False: Complete saturation of available receptors with drug molecules is not necessary for
desired response? - (ANSWER)True
List chemical bonds from strongest to weakest: - (ANSWER)Covalent, Ionic, Hydrogen, Hydrophobic, Van
der Waals
What 4 properties are on a dose response curve? - (ANSWER)Affinity (potency), Efficacy, Variability,
Slope
ED50 - (ANSWER)Effective dose in 50% of the population
TD50 - (ANSWER)toxic dose in 50% of the population
LD50 - (ANSWER)lethal dose for 50% of the population
What is the therapeutic index? - (ANSWER)LD50/ED50
, Pharm 1 Final Exam – Nagelhout Verified Questions and Answers 2026/2027 |
Complete Pharmacology Study Guide | A+ Grade
What is the therapeutic window? - (ANSWER)TD50/ED50; estimation of drug dosage which can treat
disease effectively while staying within the safety range
Do you want a higher or a lower therapeutic index? Why? - (ANSWER)Higher; means it takes "x" times as
much of the drug to kill the patient as it does to treat them effectively
How would the addition of an opioid antagonist affect the dose response curve of an opioid? -
(ANSWER)It would shift the curve to the right, drug can still get to the ED50 and maximum efficacy, just
requires a higher dose
What is down-regulation? Example? - (ANSWER)Continued stimulation causes decrease in quantity and
quality (sensitivity) of receptors. AKA Tolerance.
Example: continued use of B-agonists (albuterol) makes it less effective
What is up-regulation? Example? - (ANSWER)Chronic receptor blockade results in increase in quantity
and quality (sensitivity) of receptors.
Example: Beta blockers requiring up-titration with chronic use
Why should you not abruptly stop taking beta blockers? - (ANSWER)Because of up-regulation, there will
be a profound rebound effect
Drug Interactions: Addition - (ANSWER)1+1=2, two drugs via same mechanism produce additive effect
Drug Interactions: Synergism - (ANSWER)1+1=3; effect of two combined drugs is greater than the sum of
their individual effects
