NURS 6501 Advanced Pathophysiology Quiz
1 Exam Questions and Answers
1. How are cells specialized?: through the process of differentiation or maturation
2. What are the eight specialized cellular functions?: movement, conductivity,
metabolic
absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, reproduction, and communication
3. What are the three general components of an eukaryotic cell?: the plasma
mem-brane, the cytoplasm, and the intracellular organelles.
4. What causes the release of lysosomal enzemes?: Cellular injury causing
cellular self-di-gestion
5. What is the location and function of the nucleus?: the largest membrane-bound
organelle and is found usually in the cell's center. The chief functions of the nucleus are cell division
and control of genetic information.
6. What is Cytoplasm?: an aqueous solution (cytosol) that fills the space between the nucleus
and the
plasma membrane.
7. What is the endoplasmic reticulum and what does it specialize in?: a
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,network of tubular channels (cisternae) that extend throughout the outer nuclear membrane. It
specializes in the synthesis and transport of protein and lipid components of most of the organelles
8. What is the Golgi complex and what does it do?: a network of smooth
membranes and
vesicles located near the nucleus. The Golgi complex is responsible for processing and packaging
proteins into secretory vesicles
9. What are lysosomes and what do they do?: saclike structures that originate from
the Golgi
complex and contain digestive enzymes. These enzymes are responsible for digesting most cellular
substances to their basic form, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates
10. What are peroxisomes?: involved in the production and breakdown of hydrogen
peroxide
11. Importance of proteins in disease: The major workhorses of the cell, if misfolded
they can cause
Diseases
12. What are mitochondria responsible for?: . Mitochondria contain the metabolic
machinery necessary for cellular energy metabolism (Makes ATP).
13. What is the cytoskeleton?: the "bone and muscle" of the cell. The internal skeleton
is composed of a network of protein filaments, including microtubules and actin filaments
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, (microfilaments).
14. What is the plasma membrane?: encloses the cell and, by controlling the movement
of substances across it, exerts a powerful influence on metabolic pathways
15. What is signal transduction?: The transfer of molecular signals from the exterior to
the interior of a cell. If not done apoptosis occurs
16. What is protein regulation and what is it composed of?: protein
homeostasis and is defined by the proteostasis network. This network is composed of ribosomes
(makers), chaperones (helpers), and protein breakdown or proteolytic systems. Malfunction of these
systems is associated with disease.
17. What do protein receptors do?: on the plasma membrane, enable the cell to
interact with other
cells and with extracellular substances
18. What means accomplish cell-to-cell adhesions?: (1) the extracellular
membrane, (2) cell adhesion molecules in the cell's plasma membrane, and (3) specialized cell
junctions.
19. What makes up the extracellular matrix and what does it do?: (1)
fibrous structural proteins (collagen and elastin), (2) adhesive glycoproteins, and (3)
proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid. The matrix helps regulate cell growth, movement, and
differentiation.
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1 Exam Questions and Answers
1. How are cells specialized?: through the process of differentiation or maturation
2. What are the eight specialized cellular functions?: movement, conductivity,
metabolic
absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, reproduction, and communication
3. What are the three general components of an eukaryotic cell?: the plasma
mem-brane, the cytoplasm, and the intracellular organelles.
4. What causes the release of lysosomal enzemes?: Cellular injury causing
cellular self-di-gestion
5. What is the location and function of the nucleus?: the largest membrane-bound
organelle and is found usually in the cell's center. The chief functions of the nucleus are cell division
and control of genetic information.
6. What is Cytoplasm?: an aqueous solution (cytosol) that fills the space between the nucleus
and the
plasma membrane.
7. What is the endoplasmic reticulum and what does it specialize in?: a
1/
17
,network of tubular channels (cisternae) that extend throughout the outer nuclear membrane. It
specializes in the synthesis and transport of protein and lipid components of most of the organelles
8. What is the Golgi complex and what does it do?: a network of smooth
membranes and
vesicles located near the nucleus. The Golgi complex is responsible for processing and packaging
proteins into secretory vesicles
9. What are lysosomes and what do they do?: saclike structures that originate from
the Golgi
complex and contain digestive enzymes. These enzymes are responsible for digesting most cellular
substances to their basic form, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates
10. What are peroxisomes?: involved in the production and breakdown of hydrogen
peroxide
11. Importance of proteins in disease: The major workhorses of the cell, if misfolded
they can cause
Diseases
12. What are mitochondria responsible for?: . Mitochondria contain the metabolic
machinery necessary for cellular energy metabolism (Makes ATP).
13. What is the cytoskeleton?: the "bone and muscle" of the cell. The internal skeleton
is composed of a network of protein filaments, including microtubules and actin filaments
2/
17
, (microfilaments).
14. What is the plasma membrane?: encloses the cell and, by controlling the movement
of substances across it, exerts a powerful influence on metabolic pathways
15. What is signal transduction?: The transfer of molecular signals from the exterior to
the interior of a cell. If not done apoptosis occurs
16. What is protein regulation and what is it composed of?: protein
homeostasis and is defined by the proteostasis network. This network is composed of ribosomes
(makers), chaperones (helpers), and protein breakdown or proteolytic systems. Malfunction of these
systems is associated with disease.
17. What do protein receptors do?: on the plasma membrane, enable the cell to
interact with other
cells and with extracellular substances
18. What means accomplish cell-to-cell adhesions?: (1) the extracellular
membrane, (2) cell adhesion molecules in the cell's plasma membrane, and (3) specialized cell
junctions.
19. What makes up the extracellular matrix and what does it do?: (1)
fibrous structural proteins (collagen and elastin), (2) adhesive glycoproteins, and (3)
proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid. The matrix helps regulate cell growth, movement, and
differentiation.
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17
