NR-507 Advanced Pathophysiology Actual Week 4
Midterm Exam Complete 1-300 Exam Questions
Proctored via Examplify Chamberlain University With
Correct Answers | 100% Pass Guaranteed | Graded A+
Question 1
A patient with chronic hypertension develops an enlarged left ventricle. This
represents which type of cellular adaptation?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Dysplasia
Correct Answer: C. Hypertrophy
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size leading to organ enlargement. The left
ventricle enlarges in response to increased workload (hypertension) because cardiac
muscle cells cannot divide (hyperplasia) .
Question 2
A chronic smoker develops a change in bronchial epithelium from ciliated
columnar to stratified squamous cells. This process is termed:
A. Hyperplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
Correct Answer: D. Metaplasia
Rationale: Metaplasia is a reversible change in which one differentiated cell type is
replaced by another. The bronchial epithelium changes from ciliated columnar to
stratified squamous in response to chronic irritation from smoking .
,Question 3
The earliest reversible morphologic sign of cell injury is:
A. Nuclear pyknosis
B. Cellular swelling (hydropic change)
C. Membrane blebbing
D. Mitochondrial dense bodies
Correct Answer: B. Cellular swelling (hydropic change)
Rationale: Cellular swelling is the earliest reversible morphologic sign of cell injury,
caused by failure of the Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase pump due to ATP depletion. Sodium accumulates
inside the cell, pulling water into the cytoplasm .
Question 4
Which of the following is an irreversible change in cell injury?
A. Cellular swelling
B. Fatty change
C. Pyknosis (nuclear shrinkage)
D. Loss of microvilli
Correct Answer: C. Pyknosis (nuclear shrinkage)
Rationale: Pyknosis (nuclear shrinkage), karyorrhexis (nuclear fragmentation), and
karyolysis (nuclear dissolution) are irreversible nuclear changes indicating cell death .
Question 5
What is the primary mechanism of cellular injury in a patient experiencing a
myocardial infarction?
A. Free radical formation
B. Hypoxic injury due to ischemia
,C. Chemical toxicity
D. Accumulation of calcium
Correct Answer: B. Hypoxic injury due to ischemia
Rationale: Myocardial infarction results from ischemic injury due to coronary artery
occlusion, leading to oxygen deprivation and cell death (coagulative necrosis) .
Question 6
Coagulative necrosis is most commonly seen in which organ?
A. Brain
B. Lung
C. Heart (myocardial infarction)
D. Pancreas
Correct Answer: C. Heart (myocardial infarction)
Rationale: Coagulative necrosis is characteristic of ischemic injury in solid organs such
as the heart (myocardial infarction), kidney, and liver. Brain typically undergoes
liquefactive necrosis .
Question 7
Liquefactive necrosis is characteristic of:
A. Myocardial infarction
B. Brain infarction (stroke)
C. Tuberculosis
D. Ischemic injury to the kidney
Correct Answer: B. Brain infarction (stroke)
Rationale: Liquefactive necrosis occurs in the brain due to enzymatic digestion of
necrotic tissue, forming a cystic space. It also occurs in bacterial abscesses .
Question 8
, Caseous necrosis is characteristic of which condition?
A. Tuberculosis
B. Myocardial infarction
C. Pancreatitis
D. Gangrene
Correct Answer: A. Tuberculosis
Rationale: Caseous necrosis (cheese-like) is characteristic of tuberculosis. It represents a
combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis with a granulomatous
inflammatory response .
Question 9
Gangrenous necrosis is most commonly associated with:
A. Brain injury
B. Liver injury
C. Lower extremities (ischemia with bacterial infection)
D. Lung infection
Correct Answer: C. Lower extremities (ischemia with bacterial infection)
Rationale: Gangrenous necrosis occurs in the lower extremities due to ischemia (dry
gangrene) or with superimposed bacterial infection (wet gangrene). Gas gangrene is
caused by Clostridium bacteria .
Question 10
Which characteristic is typical of benign tumors?
A. Rapid growth rate
B. Poorly differentiated cells
C. Well-differentiated cells resembling tissue of origin
D. Metastasis to distant sites
Correct Answer: C. Well-differentiated cells resembling tissue of origin
Midterm Exam Complete 1-300 Exam Questions
Proctored via Examplify Chamberlain University With
Correct Answers | 100% Pass Guaranteed | Graded A+
Question 1
A patient with chronic hypertension develops an enlarged left ventricle. This
represents which type of cellular adaptation?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Dysplasia
Correct Answer: C. Hypertrophy
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size leading to organ enlargement. The left
ventricle enlarges in response to increased workload (hypertension) because cardiac
muscle cells cannot divide (hyperplasia) .
Question 2
A chronic smoker develops a change in bronchial epithelium from ciliated
columnar to stratified squamous cells. This process is termed:
A. Hyperplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
Correct Answer: D. Metaplasia
Rationale: Metaplasia is a reversible change in which one differentiated cell type is
replaced by another. The bronchial epithelium changes from ciliated columnar to
stratified squamous in response to chronic irritation from smoking .
,Question 3
The earliest reversible morphologic sign of cell injury is:
A. Nuclear pyknosis
B. Cellular swelling (hydropic change)
C. Membrane blebbing
D. Mitochondrial dense bodies
Correct Answer: B. Cellular swelling (hydropic change)
Rationale: Cellular swelling is the earliest reversible morphologic sign of cell injury,
caused by failure of the Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase pump due to ATP depletion. Sodium accumulates
inside the cell, pulling water into the cytoplasm .
Question 4
Which of the following is an irreversible change in cell injury?
A. Cellular swelling
B. Fatty change
C. Pyknosis (nuclear shrinkage)
D. Loss of microvilli
Correct Answer: C. Pyknosis (nuclear shrinkage)
Rationale: Pyknosis (nuclear shrinkage), karyorrhexis (nuclear fragmentation), and
karyolysis (nuclear dissolution) are irreversible nuclear changes indicating cell death .
Question 5
What is the primary mechanism of cellular injury in a patient experiencing a
myocardial infarction?
A. Free radical formation
B. Hypoxic injury due to ischemia
,C. Chemical toxicity
D. Accumulation of calcium
Correct Answer: B. Hypoxic injury due to ischemia
Rationale: Myocardial infarction results from ischemic injury due to coronary artery
occlusion, leading to oxygen deprivation and cell death (coagulative necrosis) .
Question 6
Coagulative necrosis is most commonly seen in which organ?
A. Brain
B. Lung
C. Heart (myocardial infarction)
D. Pancreas
Correct Answer: C. Heart (myocardial infarction)
Rationale: Coagulative necrosis is characteristic of ischemic injury in solid organs such
as the heart (myocardial infarction), kidney, and liver. Brain typically undergoes
liquefactive necrosis .
Question 7
Liquefactive necrosis is characteristic of:
A. Myocardial infarction
B. Brain infarction (stroke)
C. Tuberculosis
D. Ischemic injury to the kidney
Correct Answer: B. Brain infarction (stroke)
Rationale: Liquefactive necrosis occurs in the brain due to enzymatic digestion of
necrotic tissue, forming a cystic space. It also occurs in bacterial abscesses .
Question 8
, Caseous necrosis is characteristic of which condition?
A. Tuberculosis
B. Myocardial infarction
C. Pancreatitis
D. Gangrene
Correct Answer: A. Tuberculosis
Rationale: Caseous necrosis (cheese-like) is characteristic of tuberculosis. It represents a
combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis with a granulomatous
inflammatory response .
Question 9
Gangrenous necrosis is most commonly associated with:
A. Brain injury
B. Liver injury
C. Lower extremities (ischemia with bacterial infection)
D. Lung infection
Correct Answer: C. Lower extremities (ischemia with bacterial infection)
Rationale: Gangrenous necrosis occurs in the lower extremities due to ischemia (dry
gangrene) or with superimposed bacterial infection (wet gangrene). Gas gangrene is
caused by Clostridium bacteria .
Question 10
Which characteristic is typical of benign tumors?
A. Rapid growth rate
B. Poorly differentiated cells
C. Well-differentiated cells resembling tissue of origin
D. Metastasis to distant sites
Correct Answer: C. Well-differentiated cells resembling tissue of origin
