Cincinnati-Main Biology 2: 1082 Evolution, Physiology, and
Ecology essentials 1082 Exam 3 stoffer ACTUAL FINAL EXAM
2026/2027 PREP QUESTIONS COMPLETE ACCURATE
EXAM APPROVED QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS WITH DETAILED RATIONALES (100%
CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS) LATEST UPDATED
VERSION 2026 EDITION
cells of innate immune system
macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, MAST cells
macrophage
dendritic cells; phagocytosis of pathogens, presents the antigen -
antigen presenting cells
natural killer cells
kills cancer cells; release cytotoxins
MAST cells
histamine - inflammation, dilates blood vessels, inflammatory
response
cells of adaptive immune system
B-cells and T-cells (both start out in bone marrow)
,B-cells
mature in bone marrow; specific/memory - become plasma
cells (antibody factories)
T-cells
mature in thymus; release cytokines
helper T-cells: signal or coordinate immune system
cytotoxic T-cells: release perforins, cytotoxins
earthworms (annelids)
nephridia; (nothing super important but: nephridia for
secretion/reabsorption; capillary network for circulatory system; pore
for urine excretion)
insects
Malpighian tubules; important: K+ is actively transported;
hindgut reabsorbs K+ and H2O
,concept map of leukocytes
see concept map from March 6th pdf (page 8)
how B-cells get activated in the presence of an antigen
see diagram from March 6th pdf (page 8)
passive immunity
giving antibodies (body doesn't make them); does not last very long;
ie: breastmilk, transfusions
active immunity
body makes antibodies specific to antigen; lasts much longer because
of memory ie: vaccinations - gives body instructions to make
antibodies in order to prevent viral disease
HIV vs AIDS
HIV decreases number of helper T-cells → once helper T-cells
decrease to a certain amount → AIDS
HIV is constantly mutating, making it harder to create a vaccine
(constantly mutates b/c reverse transcriptase has no proofreading
capability)
steps of immune response
macrophage eats pathogen → macrophage presents antigen (on
MHC)
→ T-cell recognizes the antigen, releasing cytokines to alert
immune system → humoral response OR cell-mediated
response
, humoral immune response
activates B-cells
once T-cell recognizes antigen, helper T-cell brings antigen to B-
cell, which then creates a plasma cell to secrete antibodies
cell-mediated immune response
activates (cytotoxic) T-cells
once T-cell recognizes antigen, helper T-cells activate cytotoxic T-
cells
Na/K pump (what goes in/out)
3 Na+ actively transported OUT, 2 K+ actively transported IN
sensory neurons
peripheral nervous system; sense the environment; signals from PNS
→
CNS (afferent)
motor neurons
peripheral nervous system; does actual body movements; signals
from CNS → muscles (efferent)
interneurons
CNS (brain & spinal cord); most abundant; information processing,
learning, and memory
afferent neurons
from sensory neurons to central nervous system (sensory neurons)
Ecology essentials 1082 Exam 3 stoffer ACTUAL FINAL EXAM
2026/2027 PREP QUESTIONS COMPLETE ACCURATE
EXAM APPROVED QUESTIONS AND CORRECT VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS WITH DETAILED RATIONALES (100%
CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS) LATEST UPDATED
VERSION 2026 EDITION
cells of innate immune system
macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, MAST cells
macrophage
dendritic cells; phagocytosis of pathogens, presents the antigen -
antigen presenting cells
natural killer cells
kills cancer cells; release cytotoxins
MAST cells
histamine - inflammation, dilates blood vessels, inflammatory
response
cells of adaptive immune system
B-cells and T-cells (both start out in bone marrow)
,B-cells
mature in bone marrow; specific/memory - become plasma
cells (antibody factories)
T-cells
mature in thymus; release cytokines
helper T-cells: signal or coordinate immune system
cytotoxic T-cells: release perforins, cytotoxins
earthworms (annelids)
nephridia; (nothing super important but: nephridia for
secretion/reabsorption; capillary network for circulatory system; pore
for urine excretion)
insects
Malpighian tubules; important: K+ is actively transported;
hindgut reabsorbs K+ and H2O
,concept map of leukocytes
see concept map from March 6th pdf (page 8)
how B-cells get activated in the presence of an antigen
see diagram from March 6th pdf (page 8)
passive immunity
giving antibodies (body doesn't make them); does not last very long;
ie: breastmilk, transfusions
active immunity
body makes antibodies specific to antigen; lasts much longer because
of memory ie: vaccinations - gives body instructions to make
antibodies in order to prevent viral disease
HIV vs AIDS
HIV decreases number of helper T-cells → once helper T-cells
decrease to a certain amount → AIDS
HIV is constantly mutating, making it harder to create a vaccine
(constantly mutates b/c reverse transcriptase has no proofreading
capability)
steps of immune response
macrophage eats pathogen → macrophage presents antigen (on
MHC)
→ T-cell recognizes the antigen, releasing cytokines to alert
immune system → humoral response OR cell-mediated
response
, humoral immune response
activates B-cells
once T-cell recognizes antigen, helper T-cell brings antigen to B-
cell, which then creates a plasma cell to secrete antibodies
cell-mediated immune response
activates (cytotoxic) T-cells
once T-cell recognizes antigen, helper T-cells activate cytotoxic T-
cells
Na/K pump (what goes in/out)
3 Na+ actively transported OUT, 2 K+ actively transported IN
sensory neurons
peripheral nervous system; sense the environment; signals from PNS
→
CNS (afferent)
motor neurons
peripheral nervous system; does actual body movements; signals
from CNS → muscles (efferent)
interneurons
CNS (brain & spinal cord); most abundant; information processing,
learning, and memory
afferent neurons
from sensory neurons to central nervous system (sensory neurons)
