lOMoARcPSD|5079866
lOMoARcPSD|5079866
BIOL 235 Final B Study Notes
Biology (Athabasca University)
Chapter 19 – The Blood
Chapter 20 – The Heart
Chapter 21 – The Vessels and Hemodynamics
Chapter 22 – Lymphatic system and Immunity
Chapter 23 – Respiratory System
Chapter 24 – GI system
Chapter 25 – Metabolism and Nutrition
Chapter 26 – Urinary System
Chapter 27 – Fluid, Electrolytes, and Acid-base Homeostasis
Chapter 28 – Reproductive system -
Chapter 29 – Development and Inheritance
, lOMoARcPSD|5079866
Final Exam Preparation
Chapter 19 – The Blood
Erythropoietin – increases the number of RBC precursors and produced primarily by
the kidneys. Testosterone stimulates synthesis of this.
What cell lacks a nucleus – RBC and platelets.
What causes anemia – a significant drop in hematocrit indicates anemia, a lower
number of RBCs, O2 capacity of blood is reduced.
Ferritin – iron-storage protein.
Hepatocytes –synthesize and release many plasma proteins such as fibrinogen,
globulins, and albumin.
What is not an agranular cell – granular are neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
Agranular are lymphocytes and monocytes.
Neutrophils – function in phagocytosis, increase in # will = infection, decrease in # will
= radiation. This cell will increase the # of nuclear lobes as it ages.
Eosinophils – function in phagocytizing antigen-antibody complexes, destroy certain
parasitic worms. Increase in # can = autoimmune/parasites/allergic reactions.
Basophils – intensify overall inflamm response, increase in # can = Ca, hypothyroidism,
or pregnancy.
Lymphocytes – divide into small or large versions, increase in # can = Viral infect or
cortisol Tx. Mediate immune responses. Can be T, B, or natural killer cells.
Monocytes – transform into macrophages, increase in # can = viral infection, cortisol
Tx, or fungal infections.
Hemostasis – the steps are vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood
clotting.
Blood types – Type A, Type B, Type 0 (universal donor), Type AB (universal
receiver).
Extrinsic pathways – occurs rapidly, tissue factor leaked from cells into blood and
initiates formation of prothrombinase.
Intrinsic pathways – occurs slowly, activators located within blood.
In test tube which is the lowest number of formed elements? Basophils (highest is
neutrophils).
lOMoARcPSD|5079866
BIOL 235 Final B Study Notes
Biology (Athabasca University)
Chapter 19 – The Blood
Chapter 20 – The Heart
Chapter 21 – The Vessels and Hemodynamics
Chapter 22 – Lymphatic system and Immunity
Chapter 23 – Respiratory System
Chapter 24 – GI system
Chapter 25 – Metabolism and Nutrition
Chapter 26 – Urinary System
Chapter 27 – Fluid, Electrolytes, and Acid-base Homeostasis
Chapter 28 – Reproductive system -
Chapter 29 – Development and Inheritance
, lOMoARcPSD|5079866
Final Exam Preparation
Chapter 19 – The Blood
Erythropoietin – increases the number of RBC precursors and produced primarily by
the kidneys. Testosterone stimulates synthesis of this.
What cell lacks a nucleus – RBC and platelets.
What causes anemia – a significant drop in hematocrit indicates anemia, a lower
number of RBCs, O2 capacity of blood is reduced.
Ferritin – iron-storage protein.
Hepatocytes –synthesize and release many plasma proteins such as fibrinogen,
globulins, and albumin.
What is not an agranular cell – granular are neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
Agranular are lymphocytes and monocytes.
Neutrophils – function in phagocytosis, increase in # will = infection, decrease in # will
= radiation. This cell will increase the # of nuclear lobes as it ages.
Eosinophils – function in phagocytizing antigen-antibody complexes, destroy certain
parasitic worms. Increase in # can = autoimmune/parasites/allergic reactions.
Basophils – intensify overall inflamm response, increase in # can = Ca, hypothyroidism,
or pregnancy.
Lymphocytes – divide into small or large versions, increase in # can = Viral infect or
cortisol Tx. Mediate immune responses. Can be T, B, or natural killer cells.
Monocytes – transform into macrophages, increase in # can = viral infection, cortisol
Tx, or fungal infections.
Hemostasis – the steps are vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood
clotting.
Blood types – Type A, Type B, Type 0 (universal donor), Type AB (universal
receiver).
Extrinsic pathways – occurs rapidly, tissue factor leaked from cells into blood and
initiates formation of prothrombinase.
Intrinsic pathways – occurs slowly, activators located within blood.
In test tube which is the lowest number of formed elements? Basophils (highest is
neutrophils).
