Memory notes for a-level psychology
Capacity - answer-the amount of information that can be stored
coding - answer-the format in which information is stored.
duration - answer-the lengths of time information can be stored.
research on coding - answer-*Baddeley(1966) gave different lists of words to groups to
remember (using their STM)
*they tended to do better with words that sounded acoustically similar.
* when recalling them from LTM they did better with words with similar semantic
meanings.
THIS SUGGESTS THAT CODING IS ACOUSTIC IN STM AND SEMANTIC IN LTM.
research on capacity - answer-*Jacobs asked participants to recall digits or letters.
*STM- he found that the average score was 9.3 for digits and 7.3 for letters.
*this is supported by Miller.
research on duration - answer-*Peterson (1959) found that STM has a very short
duration unless we repeat something over and over (rehearsal).
*Bahrich et al (1975) asked participants to recall the names of people from their high
school (15 years later) and 48 years later.
*after 15 years 90% were accurate in photo recognition.
*after 48 years 70% were accurate.
Multi-store model of memory (MSM) - answer-Developed by Atkinson and Shiffrin
(1968).
(it is supported by the case of HM.)
Shallice and Warrington (evaluation of the MSM) - answer-Shallice and Warrington
studied KF, who's STM was poor when digits were read out loud to him, but better when
he could read them himself. this suggests that there are different types of STM.
Episodic memory - answer-Type of LTM. store of personal events such as last years
birthday party.
semantic memory - answer-type of LTM. store of knowledge facts (such as the name of
the capital of France.)
procedural memory - answer-type of LTM. store of knowledge of how to do things, such
a riding a bike or tying shoe laces
, Evaluation of types of LTM - answer-HM and Clive Wearing have severely impaired
episodic memory, but semantic memory is unimpaired.
(brain scans show that different type of LTM are stored in different areas of the brain.)
Working memory model (WMM) - answer-developed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974)
Central executive - answer-*limited capacity
*determines how and what slave systems do
*decides what information need to be stored.
*involves reasoning and decision making.
*can use information from LTM.
Phonological loop - answer-*limited capacity
*deals with auditory information and word order.
*phonological store hold words heard.
*articulatory control system holds words heard and silently repeats them like an 'inner
voice'.
visuo-spatial sketchpad - answer-*stores visual and spatial information
*limited capacity of 3-4 objects
*Logle (1995) suggested sub-divisions: visuo-cache and the inner scribe for spatial
relations.
episodic buffer - answer-*extra storage for the central executive
*capacity of 4 chunks
*integrates information for all other stores
* added in 2000 by Baddeley as he needed a more general store.
supporting evidence for central executive - answer-*Bunge et al (2000) used MRI's to
see which areas of the brain where active when participants were performing dual
tasks.
interference - answer-forgetting because one memory block another, causing one or
both to be distorted or forgotten.
pro-active interference - answer-forgetting that occurs when older memories disrupt the
recall of newer ones.
retro-active interference - answer-forgetting that occurs when newer memories disrupt
the recall of older ones.
McGeoch and McDonald (1931) - answer-*participants had to learn a list of words until
they could recall with 100% accuracy.
*they then learned a new list.
* the recall of the original list depended on the nature of the 2nd. synonyms produce the
worst recall.
Capacity - answer-the amount of information that can be stored
coding - answer-the format in which information is stored.
duration - answer-the lengths of time information can be stored.
research on coding - answer-*Baddeley(1966) gave different lists of words to groups to
remember (using their STM)
*they tended to do better with words that sounded acoustically similar.
* when recalling them from LTM they did better with words with similar semantic
meanings.
THIS SUGGESTS THAT CODING IS ACOUSTIC IN STM AND SEMANTIC IN LTM.
research on capacity - answer-*Jacobs asked participants to recall digits or letters.
*STM- he found that the average score was 9.3 for digits and 7.3 for letters.
*this is supported by Miller.
research on duration - answer-*Peterson (1959) found that STM has a very short
duration unless we repeat something over and over (rehearsal).
*Bahrich et al (1975) asked participants to recall the names of people from their high
school (15 years later) and 48 years later.
*after 15 years 90% were accurate in photo recognition.
*after 48 years 70% were accurate.
Multi-store model of memory (MSM) - answer-Developed by Atkinson and Shiffrin
(1968).
(it is supported by the case of HM.)
Shallice and Warrington (evaluation of the MSM) - answer-Shallice and Warrington
studied KF, who's STM was poor when digits were read out loud to him, but better when
he could read them himself. this suggests that there are different types of STM.
Episodic memory - answer-Type of LTM. store of personal events such as last years
birthday party.
semantic memory - answer-type of LTM. store of knowledge facts (such as the name of
the capital of France.)
procedural memory - answer-type of LTM. store of knowledge of how to do things, such
a riding a bike or tying shoe laces
, Evaluation of types of LTM - answer-HM and Clive Wearing have severely impaired
episodic memory, but semantic memory is unimpaired.
(brain scans show that different type of LTM are stored in different areas of the brain.)
Working memory model (WMM) - answer-developed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974)
Central executive - answer-*limited capacity
*determines how and what slave systems do
*decides what information need to be stored.
*involves reasoning and decision making.
*can use information from LTM.
Phonological loop - answer-*limited capacity
*deals with auditory information and word order.
*phonological store hold words heard.
*articulatory control system holds words heard and silently repeats them like an 'inner
voice'.
visuo-spatial sketchpad - answer-*stores visual and spatial information
*limited capacity of 3-4 objects
*Logle (1995) suggested sub-divisions: visuo-cache and the inner scribe for spatial
relations.
episodic buffer - answer-*extra storage for the central executive
*capacity of 4 chunks
*integrates information for all other stores
* added in 2000 by Baddeley as he needed a more general store.
supporting evidence for central executive - answer-*Bunge et al (2000) used MRI's to
see which areas of the brain where active when participants were performing dual
tasks.
interference - answer-forgetting because one memory block another, causing one or
both to be distorted or forgotten.
pro-active interference - answer-forgetting that occurs when older memories disrupt the
recall of newer ones.
retro-active interference - answer-forgetting that occurs when newer memories disrupt
the recall of older ones.
McGeoch and McDonald (1931) - answer-*participants had to learn a list of words until
they could recall with 100% accuracy.
*they then learned a new list.
* the recall of the original list depended on the nature of the 2nd. synonyms produce the
worst recall.
