,NSG 300 Final Exam– Foundations of Nursing
Actual Questions & Answers (GCU) 100%
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Question 1: A patient with COPD is using accessory muscles to breathe. What does this
indicate?
A) Normal breathing
B) Increased work of breathing
C) Improved oxygenation
D) Relaxation
Answer: B
Rationale: Accessory muscle use (intercostal and abdominal muscles) indicates
respiratory distress and increased work of breathing. Patients with COPD frequently use
accessory muscles to increase lung volume; prolonged use eventually leads to fatigue .
Elevation of the clavicles during inhalation indicates ventilatory fatigue, air hunger, or
decreased lung expansion.
Question 2: Which position improves oxygenation?
A) Supine
B) High Fowler's
C) Trendelenburg
D) Side-lying
Answer: B
Rationale: The upright position (High Fowler's) expands the lungs by allowing the
diaphragm to descend more fully, improving ventilation and oxygenation . This position
also reduces pressure on the diaphragm from abdominal organs, facilitating deeper
breaths.
,Question 3: What is the normal oxygen saturation (SpO₂) for a healthy adult?
A) 85–90%
B) 90–94%
C) 95–100%
D) 80–85%
Answer: C
Rationale: Normal SpO₂ for a healthy adult is 95–100%. Values below 90% indicate
hypoxemia requiring intervention. For patients with COPD at risk of carbon dioxide
retention, the target SpO₂ is typically 88–92% .
Question 4: The three steps of oxygenation are:
A) Inspiration, expiration, and perfusion
B) Ventilation, perfusion, and diffusion
C) Oxygenation, circulation, and respiration
D) Inhalation, exhalation, and oxygenation
Answer: B
Rationale: The three steps of oxygenation are ventilation (moving air in and out of the
lungs), perfusion (pumping oxygenated blood to tissues), and diffusion (moving gases
across the alveolar capillary membrane) .
Question 5: Which three factors influence the blood's capacity to carry oxygen?
A) Heart rate, blood pressure, and temperature
B) Dissolved oxygen, hemoglobin amount, and hemoglobin's ability to bind
oxygen
C) White blood cell count, platelet count, and plasma volume
D) Age, gender, and activity level
Answer: B
Rationale: The capacity of blood to carry oxygen is influenced by: the amount of
dissolved oxygen in the plasma, the amount of hemoglobin, and the ability of
, hemoglobin to bind with oxygen . Low hemoglobin reduces the blood's oxygen-carrying
capacity, leading to decreased oxygen delivery to tissues.
Question 6: What is the priority intervention for a patient experiencing dyspnea?
A) Give food
B) Elevate the head of the bed
C) Ambulate
D) Encourage sleep
Answer: B
Rationale: Elevating the head of the bed improves lung expansion and facilitates
breathing, which is the priority intervention for dyspnea . This intervention can be
implemented immediately while other assessments are performed.
Question 7: What is perfusion?
A) The movement of air in and out of the lungs
B) The ability of the cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated blood to tissues
and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs
C) The movement of gases across the alveolar capillary membrane
D) The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the cellular level
Answer: B
Rationale: Perfusion is the ability of the cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated
blood to the tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs .
Question 8: What is diffusion?
A) The movement of air in and out of the lungs
B) The pumping of oxygenated blood to tissues
C) The movement of gases from an area of higher concentration to an area of
lower concentration across the alveolar capillary membrane
D) The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the cellular level
Actual Questions & Answers (GCU) 100%
Guarantee Pass
Question 1: A patient with COPD is using accessory muscles to breathe. What does this
indicate?
A) Normal breathing
B) Increased work of breathing
C) Improved oxygenation
D) Relaxation
Answer: B
Rationale: Accessory muscle use (intercostal and abdominal muscles) indicates
respiratory distress and increased work of breathing. Patients with COPD frequently use
accessory muscles to increase lung volume; prolonged use eventually leads to fatigue .
Elevation of the clavicles during inhalation indicates ventilatory fatigue, air hunger, or
decreased lung expansion.
Question 2: Which position improves oxygenation?
A) Supine
B) High Fowler's
C) Trendelenburg
D) Side-lying
Answer: B
Rationale: The upright position (High Fowler's) expands the lungs by allowing the
diaphragm to descend more fully, improving ventilation and oxygenation . This position
also reduces pressure on the diaphragm from abdominal organs, facilitating deeper
breaths.
,Question 3: What is the normal oxygen saturation (SpO₂) for a healthy adult?
A) 85–90%
B) 90–94%
C) 95–100%
D) 80–85%
Answer: C
Rationale: Normal SpO₂ for a healthy adult is 95–100%. Values below 90% indicate
hypoxemia requiring intervention. For patients with COPD at risk of carbon dioxide
retention, the target SpO₂ is typically 88–92% .
Question 4: The three steps of oxygenation are:
A) Inspiration, expiration, and perfusion
B) Ventilation, perfusion, and diffusion
C) Oxygenation, circulation, and respiration
D) Inhalation, exhalation, and oxygenation
Answer: B
Rationale: The three steps of oxygenation are ventilation (moving air in and out of the
lungs), perfusion (pumping oxygenated blood to tissues), and diffusion (moving gases
across the alveolar capillary membrane) .
Question 5: Which three factors influence the blood's capacity to carry oxygen?
A) Heart rate, blood pressure, and temperature
B) Dissolved oxygen, hemoglobin amount, and hemoglobin's ability to bind
oxygen
C) White blood cell count, platelet count, and plasma volume
D) Age, gender, and activity level
Answer: B
Rationale: The capacity of blood to carry oxygen is influenced by: the amount of
dissolved oxygen in the plasma, the amount of hemoglobin, and the ability of
, hemoglobin to bind with oxygen . Low hemoglobin reduces the blood's oxygen-carrying
capacity, leading to decreased oxygen delivery to tissues.
Question 6: What is the priority intervention for a patient experiencing dyspnea?
A) Give food
B) Elevate the head of the bed
C) Ambulate
D) Encourage sleep
Answer: B
Rationale: Elevating the head of the bed improves lung expansion and facilitates
breathing, which is the priority intervention for dyspnea . This intervention can be
implemented immediately while other assessments are performed.
Question 7: What is perfusion?
A) The movement of air in and out of the lungs
B) The ability of the cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated blood to tissues
and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs
C) The movement of gases across the alveolar capillary membrane
D) The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the cellular level
Answer: B
Rationale: Perfusion is the ability of the cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated
blood to the tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs .
Question 8: What is diffusion?
A) The movement of air in and out of the lungs
B) The pumping of oxygenated blood to tissues
C) The movement of gases from an area of higher concentration to an area of
lower concentration across the alveolar capillary membrane
D) The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the cellular level
