NSG 3280 Test 1 Review 2026 | Verified Q&A | Graded A+
1. What are the main causes of nutritional injury in cells?
Excessive intake of nutrients and toxins.
Infection and inflammation.
Increased metabolic rate and hormonal imbalance.
Poor intake, altered absorption, impaired distribution, and inefficient
cellular uptake of essential nutrients.
2. Describe how decreased myoinositol transport can contribute to diabetic
neuropathy.
Decreased myoinositol transport enhances insulin sensitivity.
Decreased myoinositol transport can impair cellular signaling and
lead to nerve damage.
Decreased myoinositol transport has no effect on nerve function.
Decreased myoinositol transport increases glucose levels in the
blood.
3. Which enzyme is stimulated by Nitric Oxide (NO) in smooth muscle cells to
produce cyclic GMP?
Guanylyl cyclase (GC)
Protein kinase A
Phosphodiesterase (PDE)
Protein kinase C
,4. In a stress response scenario, how might elevated catecholamine levels
affect a diabetic patient's blood sugar management?
They would stabilize blood sugar levels by enhancing insulin action.
They would decrease blood sugar levels by increasing insulin
sensitivity.
They could lead to increased blood sugar levels due to reduced
insulin effectiveness.
They would have no effect on blood sugar management.
5. Describe the physiological mechanism by which stress affects blood sugar
levels.
Stress has no effect on blood sugar levels.
Stress decreases insulin production, causing blood sugar to drop.
Corticosteroids decrease blood sugar by promoting glucose uptake.
During stress, corticosteroids are released, leading to an increase in
blood sugar levels.
6. What effect does aldosterone have on sodium levels in the body?
It promotes reabsorption of sodium.
It promotes the excretion of sodium.
It decreases sodium levels.
It has no effect on sodium levels.
7. : What is a sign in the context of clinical manifestations?
An objective indication of disease observable by an examiner
A hypothetical scenario proposed by the healthcare provider
, A choice made by the patient during treatment
A subjective feeling of illness experienced by the patient
8. Describe the primary causes of fat necrosis and how they lead to tissue
death.
Fat necrosis is due to hormonal imbalances affecting fat metabolism.
Fat necrosis results from excessive exercise damaging muscle tissue.
Fat necrosis occurs due to trauma or pancreatitis, leading to the
death of adipose tissue.
Fat necrosis is caused by infections that lead to tissue swelling.
9. If a patient has a condition that impairs neurotransmitter function, what
potential impact could this have on their blood glucose levels after eating?
Insulin production will be unaffected, but glucose absorption will
decrease.
Insulin production may increase, causing lower blood glucose levels.
Insulin production may be reduced, leading to higher blood glucose
levels.
Blood glucose levels will remain unchanged regardless of insulin
production.
10. Which of the following best describes reperfusion injury?
Reperfusion of the area results in apoptosis of the previously
ischemic cells.
Reperfusion injury results from restoration of the function of the
sodium-potassium pump.
, The increased blood pressure in the area of reperfusion causes
rupture of small arterioles and release of free radicals.
The return of blood flow to the area results in a burst of free radical
production from neutrophils that accumulated in the area.
11. Describe the process and implications of reperfusion injury in the context of
ischemic tissues.
Reperfusion injury is the immediate healing of tissues after blood flow
restoration.
Reperfusion injury involves the reduction of inflammation in ischemic
tissues.
Reperfusion injury is characterized by improved cellular function after
blood flow restoration.
Reperfusion injury occurs when blood flow is restored to ischemic
tissues, leading to the formation of free radicals that can cause
further cellular damage.
12. What does etiology refer to?
Treatment of a disease
Cause of a disease
Spread of a disease within a population
Recurrence of a disease
13. Describe the concept of allostasis and how it differs from homeostasis in
physiological terms.
Allostasis is a process that only occurs during disease states.
Allostasis is the same as homeostasis, both referring to constant
internal conditions.
1. What are the main causes of nutritional injury in cells?
Excessive intake of nutrients and toxins.
Infection and inflammation.
Increased metabolic rate and hormonal imbalance.
Poor intake, altered absorption, impaired distribution, and inefficient
cellular uptake of essential nutrients.
2. Describe how decreased myoinositol transport can contribute to diabetic
neuropathy.
Decreased myoinositol transport enhances insulin sensitivity.
Decreased myoinositol transport can impair cellular signaling and
lead to nerve damage.
Decreased myoinositol transport has no effect on nerve function.
Decreased myoinositol transport increases glucose levels in the
blood.
3. Which enzyme is stimulated by Nitric Oxide (NO) in smooth muscle cells to
produce cyclic GMP?
Guanylyl cyclase (GC)
Protein kinase A
Phosphodiesterase (PDE)
Protein kinase C
,4. In a stress response scenario, how might elevated catecholamine levels
affect a diabetic patient's blood sugar management?
They would stabilize blood sugar levels by enhancing insulin action.
They would decrease blood sugar levels by increasing insulin
sensitivity.
They could lead to increased blood sugar levels due to reduced
insulin effectiveness.
They would have no effect on blood sugar management.
5. Describe the physiological mechanism by which stress affects blood sugar
levels.
Stress has no effect on blood sugar levels.
Stress decreases insulin production, causing blood sugar to drop.
Corticosteroids decrease blood sugar by promoting glucose uptake.
During stress, corticosteroids are released, leading to an increase in
blood sugar levels.
6. What effect does aldosterone have on sodium levels in the body?
It promotes reabsorption of sodium.
It promotes the excretion of sodium.
It decreases sodium levels.
It has no effect on sodium levels.
7. : What is a sign in the context of clinical manifestations?
An objective indication of disease observable by an examiner
A hypothetical scenario proposed by the healthcare provider
, A choice made by the patient during treatment
A subjective feeling of illness experienced by the patient
8. Describe the primary causes of fat necrosis and how they lead to tissue
death.
Fat necrosis is due to hormonal imbalances affecting fat metabolism.
Fat necrosis results from excessive exercise damaging muscle tissue.
Fat necrosis occurs due to trauma or pancreatitis, leading to the
death of adipose tissue.
Fat necrosis is caused by infections that lead to tissue swelling.
9. If a patient has a condition that impairs neurotransmitter function, what
potential impact could this have on their blood glucose levels after eating?
Insulin production will be unaffected, but glucose absorption will
decrease.
Insulin production may increase, causing lower blood glucose levels.
Insulin production may be reduced, leading to higher blood glucose
levels.
Blood glucose levels will remain unchanged regardless of insulin
production.
10. Which of the following best describes reperfusion injury?
Reperfusion of the area results in apoptosis of the previously
ischemic cells.
Reperfusion injury results from restoration of the function of the
sodium-potassium pump.
, The increased blood pressure in the area of reperfusion causes
rupture of small arterioles and release of free radicals.
The return of blood flow to the area results in a burst of free radical
production from neutrophils that accumulated in the area.
11. Describe the process and implications of reperfusion injury in the context of
ischemic tissues.
Reperfusion injury is the immediate healing of tissues after blood flow
restoration.
Reperfusion injury involves the reduction of inflammation in ischemic
tissues.
Reperfusion injury is characterized by improved cellular function after
blood flow restoration.
Reperfusion injury occurs when blood flow is restored to ischemic
tissues, leading to the formation of free radicals that can cause
further cellular damage.
12. What does etiology refer to?
Treatment of a disease
Cause of a disease
Spread of a disease within a population
Recurrence of a disease
13. Describe the concept of allostasis and how it differs from homeostasis in
physiological terms.
Allostasis is a process that only occurs during disease states.
Allostasis is the same as homeostasis, both referring to constant
internal conditions.
