PSY 357 GCU EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE (CH. 6,8,9,10,11) QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST

PSY 357 GCU EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE (CH. 6,8,9,10,11) QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026 What are Piaget's stages of cognitive development? - Answers Sensorimotor (0-2) Preoperational (2-7) Concrete (7-11) Formal (11+) What is the concrete operational stage? - Answers Can perform mental operations- actions that can be performed on objects or ideas to yield consistent results. Mental operations are limited to concrete problems in the here and now-can't deal well with abstract or hypothetical problems Give an example of the concrete operational period. - Answers a child unconsciously recognizing if nothing is added or taken away, the amount of something will stay the same. What is the formal operational stage? - Answers · Can reason abstractly and hypothetically · Use deductive reasoning to draw logical conclusions from the facts Engage in combinatorial reasoning to generate all the different ways a given number of items can be arranged. give an example of the formal operational period. - Answers mixing clear liquids in various beaker through trial and error to identify which liquids produce the color red What are some criticisms about Piaget's theory of Cognitive Development? - Answers · Piaget's theory underestimates cognitive competence in infants and young children and overestimates cognitive competence in adolescents · Piaget's theory is vague concerning processes and mechanisms of change · Piaget's stage model does not account for variability in children's performance · Piaget's theory undervalues the influence of the sociocultural environment on cognitive development · He thought the older you get, the more intelligent you get but research proves him wrong. We can increase our capacity, but not our intelligence. Understand how memory works (where things are stored) and who emphasizes changes in memory efficiency - Answers Working memory(WM)- temporary storage and use of information that one needs to perform a task. Ex: looking up and dialing a new phone number. Anything you are learning for the first time is stored here. If you choose to store it in long term to reuse later on a test, info will go back into working memory while applying the memorized info on the test. · Limited in capacity and how long it lasts Long term memory(LTM): the storehouse for memory that is permanent and of unlimited capacity - Information is transferred into LTM, stored in it and retrieved from it when needed 7 to 8 year olds use less effective learning and memory strategies such as rehearsal Older children use more effective learning and memory strategies, including taking notes/keeping a calendar, organization(structuring new info into related categories), and elaboration(making new info memorable by embellishing it) Understand Gardener's theory of Multiple Intelligences and know each intelligence in detail - Answers 1-3: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial 4-9: musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic, existential Linguistic- knowing the meanings of words, having the ability to use words to understand new ideas, and using language to convey ideas to others Logical-mathematical- understanding relations that exist among objects, actions and ideas as well as the logical or mathematical operations that can be performed on them Spatial- perceiving objects accurately and imagining in the mind's eye the appearance of an object before and after it has been transformed Musical-comprehending and producing sounds varying in pitch, rythym and emotional tone Bodily-kinesthetic-using one's body in highly differentiated ways as dancers, craftspeople and athletes do Interpersonal-identifying different feelings, moods motivations and intentions in others. How am I feeling right now? Intrapersonal-understanding one's emotions and knowing one's strengths and weaknesses Naturalistic-understanding the natural world, distinguishing natural objects from artifacts, and grouping and labeling natural phenomena Existential-considering ultimate issues such as the purpose of life and nature of death. Things outside of body FOCUS ON EXISTENTIAL AND INTERPERSONAL- ONLY 2 WE NEED Know the meaning of stereotype threat - Answers Stereotype threat- an evoked fear of being judged in accordance with a negative stereotype about a group you belong to Stereotype threat relates to self fulfilling prophecy Self fulfilling propehecy- if you think someone thinks negatively about you, you act in a way that either defends their belief or reacts to their belief Understand how various factors can impact intellectual disability - Answers Biomedical- chromosomal, malnutrition, traumatic brain injury Social- poverty, poor parent child relations Behavioral- child neglect, domestic violence Educational- poor parenting, poor services Risk increases as more of these factors are present ANSWER IS EITHER BIOLOGICAL OR ENVIRONMENTAL-COULD BE BOTH. Know the phonological process - Answers Phonolical process- patterns of sound errors that typically developing children use to simplify speech as they are learning to talk. They do this because they don't have the ability to coordinate mouth lips tongue and jaw for clear speech. As long as a child is seeing something, reading it and describing it in words, has to happen at same time child is looking at something. Speaking words other than numbers Phonological awareness- Type of instruction that benefits children with developmental dyslexia- helps them identify subtle but important differences in language sounds along with instruction on the connections between letters and their sounds. Understand the differences in physical development in males and females (height, age, etc) - Answers 1. know muscle bones and height especially between ages 10-13 during puberty. What's the last piece to grow out of head, neck and trunk? Trunk is the last one to grow. Boys and girls are about same size during elementary years. - Girls are more likely to enter puberty toward end of elementary years - At 11-12 avg. girl is about half an inch taller than boy - Avg 7-10 yr old needs 2400 calories a day - Girl: gain as much as 15 pounds a year. Body fat increases. More critical of appearance and likely to be dissatisfied. - boys can gain 17 or more pounds per year. Muscle fibers become thicker and denser while heart and lung capacity increase. More likely to be pleased with appearance. Understand how the adolescent body grows during puberty and the changes the body experiences - Answers Dramatic increases in height, weight and changes in body fat and muscle content Changes in reproductive organs that mark sexual maturity as well as secondary sex characteristics including body and facial hair and breast growth Hormones don't cause aggressiveness/moodiness-mostly social and environmental Remind, Educate, and Reinforce healthy habits (do not encourage maladaptive behaviors) - Answers Sports involvement to promote social skills, self esteem and taking intiative. It also requires cognitive skills to devise new game strategies. Communicate effectively and reinforce why they are being punished and be consistent Educate- "you should stop that because it is a bad habit" Understand anorexia nervosa and how individuals exhibit behaviors - Answers Disorder marked by a persistent refusal to eat and an irrational fear of being overweight. Grossly distorted image of their own body and claim to be overweight even though they are painfully thin. Can lead to death if untreated! Bulimia nervosa- eat whenever they can and then throw up/purge afterwards Youth sports injury statistics - Answers Can lead to using performance enhancing drugs, overuse because of specializing in one sport early which can damage body as well as peer relationships 15 percent of injuries happen because of sports Illusion of invulnerability - Answers The belief that misfortune happens only to others Ignore danger and take extreme risk: reckless driving, use of illegal/dangerous drugs. Overestimate "invulnerability". Likely to engage in high-risk behaviors "it was dangerous but fun. Could have killed me but it didn't and it was fun Know heuristics in regard to information processing during adolescents - Answers Changes happening in certain areas of cognition. Processes are improved from childhood to adulthood. Working memory capacity same in adolescents and adults Adolescents process info more efficiently o Increased axonal myelination allowing more rapid neural communication and mirror neurons being reinforced Understand Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development - Answers Train. Pull lever, Left or right-someone dies. On left, is 5 kids and on right is an old guy. Who do you choose to kill if you must pick one? Moral dilemma. More important what decision/choice you make rather than actually acting on it. Level 1- preconventional-punishment and reward o Stage 1= obedience to authority o Stage 2= nice behavior in exchange for future favors Level 2- conventional: social norms - Stage 3: live up to others' expectations - Stage 4: follow rules to maintain social order Level 3- postconventional: moral codes - Stage 5: adhere to a social contract when valid - Stage 6: personal moral system based on abstract principles Describe how Kohlberg assessed moral thinking - Answers Longitufinal studies show that people do progress sequentially through levels and don't skip stages Moral reasoning and moral behavior are linked Understand Gilligan's theory of Moral Development - Answers How woman's morality is influences by relationships and how women form their moral and ethical foundation based on how decisions will affect others Describe how Kohlberg and Gilligan's theory are alike and how they differ - Answers Men focus on justice concerns for their definition of morality according to Kohlberg while women are more focused on caring and relationship needs according to Giligan. Know the research on differences between the moral reasoning of males and females - Answers Morality Is not biological. It's learned/ developed through social influences. Understand the stages of Erikson's theory of Psychosocial Development - Answers Basic trust vs. mistrust. Birth to 1 year. To develop a sense that the world is safe, a "good place" Autonomy vs. shame. 1 to 3 years. To realize one is independent who can make decisions and doubt. Initiative vs. guilt. 3 to 6 years. To develop ability to try new things and to handle failure Industry vs inferiority. 6 years to adolescents. To learn basic skills and to work with others Identity vs identity confusion. Adolescence. To develop a lasting integrated sense of self. Intimacy vs isolation. Young adulthood. To commit to another in a loving relationship Identity crisis in teens: Around puberty, identity indifference and personality indifference. Teenage years, trying to figure out who you are. Punk to preppy to band nerd, trying everything out to see who