Nurs 302 Patho Midterm Quizzes
1-8 Questions With Complete
Solutions
Course
Nurs 302
1. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in the number of cells?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
Answer: B. Hyperplasia
Solution:
Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells due to cell proliferation. It occurs in tissues
capable of mitosis and may be physiologic (e.g., endometrial growth) or pathologic (e.g., benign
prostatic hyperplasia).
2. Hypertrophy is best defined as:
A. Increase in cell size
B. Increase in cell number
C. Replacement of one cell type by another
D. Cellular death
Answer: A. Increase in cell size
Solution:
Hypertrophy results from enlargement of existing cells, leading to increased organ size. It
commonly occurs in skeletal muscle after exercise or in the left ventricle due to hypertension.
3. Which intracellular accumulation is most commonly associated with fatty liver disease?
A. Glycogen
,B. Calcium
C. Triglycerides
D. Iron
Answer: C. Triglycerides
Solution:
Fatty change (steatosis) occurs when triglycerides accumulate in hepatocytes due to alcohol
use, obesity, diabetes, or malnutrition.
4. Apoptosis differs from necrosis because apoptosis:
A. Causes inflammation
B. Is always caused by infection
C. Is programmed cell death
D. Results from severe ischemia only
Answer: C. Is programmed cell death
Solution:
Apoptosis is an organized, energy-dependent process that eliminates damaged cells without
causing inflammation.
5. The most common cause of coagulative necrosis is:
A. Viral infection
B. Ischemia
C. Trauma
D. Autoimmune disease
Answer: B. Ischemia
Solution:
Coagulative necrosis commonly occurs following loss of blood supply, particularly in the heart,
kidneys, and spleen.
,6. Caseous necrosis is classically associated with:
A. Myocardial infarction
B. Tuberculosis
C. Pancreatitis
D. Stroke
Answer: B. Tuberculosis
Solution:
Caseous necrosis produces a cheese-like appearance and is characteristic of tuberculosis and
some fungal infections.
7. Which inflammatory mediator increases vascular permeability?
A. Histamine
B. Hemoglobin
C. Albumin
D. Fibrinogen
Answer: A. Histamine
Solution:
Histamine released from mast cells causes vasodilation and increased capillary permeability
during acute inflammation.
8. Which leukocyte is usually the first to arrive at the site of acute inflammation?
A. Lymphocyte
B. Monocyte
C. Neutrophil
D. Eosinophil
Answer: C. Neutrophil
, Solution:
Neutrophils are the primary responders in acute inflammation and perform phagocytosis of
bacteria.
9. Chronic inflammation is primarily characterized by infiltration of:
A. Platelets
B. Macrophages and lymphocytes
C. Neutrophils only
D. Red blood cells
Answer: B. Macrophages and lymphocytes
Solution:
Macrophages dominate chronic inflammation and contribute to tissue destruction and repair.
10. Which cytokine is a major endogenous pyrogen responsible for fever?
A. IL-1
B. Albumin
C. Erythropoietin
D. Insulin
Answer: A. IL-1
Solution:
Interleukin-1 stimulates prostaglandin production in the hypothalamus, raising body
temperature.
11. Edema develops when:
A. Plasma oncotic pressure increases
B. Capillary hydrostatic pressure decreases
C. Fluid accumulates in the interstitial space
D. Red blood cells increase
1-8 Questions With Complete
Solutions
Course
Nurs 302
1. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in the number of cells?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
Answer: B. Hyperplasia
Solution:
Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells due to cell proliferation. It occurs in tissues
capable of mitosis and may be physiologic (e.g., endometrial growth) or pathologic (e.g., benign
prostatic hyperplasia).
2. Hypertrophy is best defined as:
A. Increase in cell size
B. Increase in cell number
C. Replacement of one cell type by another
D. Cellular death
Answer: A. Increase in cell size
Solution:
Hypertrophy results from enlargement of existing cells, leading to increased organ size. It
commonly occurs in skeletal muscle after exercise or in the left ventricle due to hypertension.
3. Which intracellular accumulation is most commonly associated with fatty liver disease?
A. Glycogen
,B. Calcium
C. Triglycerides
D. Iron
Answer: C. Triglycerides
Solution:
Fatty change (steatosis) occurs when triglycerides accumulate in hepatocytes due to alcohol
use, obesity, diabetes, or malnutrition.
4. Apoptosis differs from necrosis because apoptosis:
A. Causes inflammation
B. Is always caused by infection
C. Is programmed cell death
D. Results from severe ischemia only
Answer: C. Is programmed cell death
Solution:
Apoptosis is an organized, energy-dependent process that eliminates damaged cells without
causing inflammation.
5. The most common cause of coagulative necrosis is:
A. Viral infection
B. Ischemia
C. Trauma
D. Autoimmune disease
Answer: B. Ischemia
Solution:
Coagulative necrosis commonly occurs following loss of blood supply, particularly in the heart,
kidneys, and spleen.
,6. Caseous necrosis is classically associated with:
A. Myocardial infarction
B. Tuberculosis
C. Pancreatitis
D. Stroke
Answer: B. Tuberculosis
Solution:
Caseous necrosis produces a cheese-like appearance and is characteristic of tuberculosis and
some fungal infections.
7. Which inflammatory mediator increases vascular permeability?
A. Histamine
B. Hemoglobin
C. Albumin
D. Fibrinogen
Answer: A. Histamine
Solution:
Histamine released from mast cells causes vasodilation and increased capillary permeability
during acute inflammation.
8. Which leukocyte is usually the first to arrive at the site of acute inflammation?
A. Lymphocyte
B. Monocyte
C. Neutrophil
D. Eosinophil
Answer: C. Neutrophil
, Solution:
Neutrophils are the primary responders in acute inflammation and perform phagocytosis of
bacteria.
9. Chronic inflammation is primarily characterized by infiltration of:
A. Platelets
B. Macrophages and lymphocytes
C. Neutrophils only
D. Red blood cells
Answer: B. Macrophages and lymphocytes
Solution:
Macrophages dominate chronic inflammation and contribute to tissue destruction and repair.
10. Which cytokine is a major endogenous pyrogen responsible for fever?
A. IL-1
B. Albumin
C. Erythropoietin
D. Insulin
Answer: A. IL-1
Solution:
Interleukin-1 stimulates prostaglandin production in the hypothalamus, raising body
temperature.
11. Edema develops when:
A. Plasma oncotic pressure increases
B. Capillary hydrostatic pressure decreases
C. Fluid accumulates in the interstitial space
D. Red blood cells increase
