,Table of Content s! s!
Chapter 01: Cellular Biology ....................................................................................................................................... 4
s! s! s!
Chapter 02: Genes and Genetic Diseases ................................................................................................................... 13
s! s! s! s! s!
Chapter 03: Epigenetics and Disease ......................................................................................................................... 23
s! s! s! s!
U SNT s! s! O .................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Chapter 04: Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology ...................................................................................................... 27
s! s! s! s! s! s!
Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition .......................................................................... 39
s! s! s! s! s! s!
Chapter 06: Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysi
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
ology, 6th Edition ....................................................................................................................................................... 48
s! s!
Chapter 07: Adaptive Immunity................................................................................................................................. 60
s! s! s!
Chapter 08: Infection and Defects in Mechanisms of Defense Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolog
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
y, 6th Edition .............................................................................................................................................................. 66
s! s!
SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 74
Chapter 09: Stress and Disease .................................................................................................................................. 76
s! s! s! s!
Chapter 10: Biology, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment of Cancer Huether & McCance: Understanding Patho
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
physiology, 6th Edition .............................................................................................................................................. 81
s! s!
Chapter 11: Cancer Epidemiology ............................................................................................................................. 87
s! s! s!
Chapter 12: Cancer in Children ................................................................................................................................. 91
s! s! s! s!
Chapter 13: Structure and Function of theNeurologic System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolog
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
y, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................................. 94
s! s!
Chapter 14: Pain, Temperature, Sleep, and Sensory Function Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolog
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
y, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................................ 105
s! s!
Chapter 15: Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function .............................. 116
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
Chapter 16: Disorders of theCentral and Peripheral Nervous Systems and theNeuromuscular Junction ................. 126
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
Chapter 17: Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology,
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s
6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................................... 138
! s!
Chapter 18: Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation .................................................................................................. 147
s! s! s! s! s!
Chapter 19: Alterations of Hormonal Regulation..................................................................................................... 156
s! s! s! s! s!
Chapter 20: Structure and Function of the Hematologic System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiol
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
ogy, 6th Edition ........................................................................................................................................................ 169
s! s!
Chapter 21: Alterations of Hematologic Function ................................................................................................... 176
s! s! s! s! s!
INGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 177
Chapter 22: Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolog
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
y, 6th Edition ........................................................................................................................................................... 192
s! s!
Chapter 23: Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems Huether & McCance: Understan
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
ding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ........................................................................................................................... 200
s! s! s!
Chapter 24: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function ................................................................................................ 210
s! s! s! s! s!
U SNT s! s! O .................................................................................................................................................................. 210
SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................. 223
U SNT s! s! O .................................................................................................................................................................. 226
U SNT s! s! O .................................................................................................................................................................. 228
Chapter 25: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiol
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
ogy, 6th Edition ........................................................................................................................................................ 229
s! s!
SNT
s! s! s ! s ! O ...................................................................................................................................................................... 232
Chapter 26: Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolog
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
y, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................................ 236
s! s!
Chapter 27: Alterations of Pulmonary Function ...................................................................................................... 245
s! s! s! s! s!
, Chapter 28: Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology,
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s
6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................................... 257
! s!
Chapter 29: Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems Huether & McCance: Understanding Patho
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
physiology, 6th Edition ........................................................................................................................................... 265
s! s!
Chapter 30: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolog
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
y, 6th Edition ........................................................................................................................................................... 273
s! s!
Chapter 31: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pat
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
hophysiology, 6th Edition ....................................................................................................................................... 280
s! s!
Chapter 32: Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysio
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
logy, 6th Edition ....................................................................................................................................................... 286
s! s!
Chapter 33: Alterations of the Female Reproductive System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology,
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s
6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................................... 295
! s!
Chapter 34: Alterations of the Male Reproductive System ...................................................................................... 300
s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
Chapter 35: Structure and Function of the Digestive System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology,
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
6th Edition .............................................................................................................................................................. 305
s! s!
Chapter 36: Alterations of Digestive Function ......................................................................................................... 312
s! s! s! s! s!
Chapter 37: Alterations of Digestive Function in Children ...................................................................................... 325
s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
Chapter 38: Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophys
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
iology, 6th Edition.................................................................................................................................................... 334
s! s!
U SNT
s! s! O .................................................................................................................................................................. 337
Chapter 39: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function .............................................................................................. 342
s! s! s! s! s!
Chapter 40: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysio
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
logy, 6th Edition ....................................................................................................................................................... 352
s! s!
U SNT
s! s! O .................................................................................................................................................................. 354
Chapter 41: Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysi
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
ology, 6th Edition ..................................................................................................................................................... 357
s! s!
Chapter 42: Alterations of the Integument in Children ............................................................................................ 366
s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
, Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
s! s! s!
Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition
s! s! s! s! s! s!
MULTIPLE CHOICE s!
1. A student is observing a cell under the microscope. It is observed to have supercoiled DNA
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
with histones. Which of the following would also be observed by the student?
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
a. A single circular chromosome
s! s! s!
b. A nucleus s!
c. Free-floating nuclear material s! s!
d. No organelles s!
ANS: B s !
The cell described is a eukaryotic cell, so it has histones and a supercoiled DNA within its nuc
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
leus; thus, the nucleus should be observed. A single circular chromosome called a prokaryote
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
contains free-floating nuclear material but has no organelles.
s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
REF: p. 2 s! s!
2. A nurse is instructing the staff about cellular functions. Which cellular function is the nurse
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
describing when an isolated cell absorbs oxygen and uses it to transform nutrients to energy?
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
a. Metabolic absorption s!
b. Communication
c. Secretion
d. Respiration
ANS: D s!
The cell’s ability to absorb oxygen is referred to as respiration while its communication ability invol
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
ves maintenance of a steady dynamic state, metabolic absorption provides nutrition, and secretion al
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
lows for the synthesizing of new substances.
s! s! s! s! s! s!
REF: p. 2 s! s!
3. A eukaryotic cell is undergoing DNA replication. In which region of the cell would most of
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
the genetic information be contained?
s! s! s! s!
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Nucleus Cytoplasm s!
ANS: C s!
The region of the cell that contains genetic material, including a large amount of ribonucleic ac
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
id, most of the DNA, and DNA-
s! s! s! s! s! s!
binding proteins, is the nucleolus, which is located within the cell’s nucleus. Mitochondria is a
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
ssociated with cellular respiration, while ribosomes are involved with protein manufacturing.
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
Cytoplasm is a fluid filling that is a component of the cell. s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
REF: p. 2 s! s!
Chapter 01: Cellular Biology ....................................................................................................................................... 4
s! s! s!
Chapter 02: Genes and Genetic Diseases ................................................................................................................... 13
s! s! s! s! s!
Chapter 03: Epigenetics and Disease ......................................................................................................................... 23
s! s! s! s!
U SNT s! s! O .................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Chapter 04: Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology ...................................................................................................... 27
s! s! s! s! s! s!
Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition .......................................................................... 39
s! s! s! s! s! s!
Chapter 06: Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysi
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
ology, 6th Edition ....................................................................................................................................................... 48
s! s!
Chapter 07: Adaptive Immunity................................................................................................................................. 60
s! s! s!
Chapter 08: Infection and Defects in Mechanisms of Defense Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolog
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
y, 6th Edition .............................................................................................................................................................. 66
s! s!
SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 74
Chapter 09: Stress and Disease .................................................................................................................................. 76
s! s! s! s!
Chapter 10: Biology, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment of Cancer Huether & McCance: Understanding Patho
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
physiology, 6th Edition .............................................................................................................................................. 81
s! s!
Chapter 11: Cancer Epidemiology ............................................................................................................................. 87
s! s! s!
Chapter 12: Cancer in Children ................................................................................................................................. 91
s! s! s! s!
Chapter 13: Structure and Function of theNeurologic System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolog
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
y, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................................. 94
s! s!
Chapter 14: Pain, Temperature, Sleep, and Sensory Function Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolog
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
y, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................................ 105
s! s!
Chapter 15: Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function .............................. 116
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
Chapter 16: Disorders of theCentral and Peripheral Nervous Systems and theNeuromuscular Junction ................. 126
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
Chapter 17: Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology,
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s
6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................................... 138
! s!
Chapter 18: Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation .................................................................................................. 147
s! s! s! s! s!
Chapter 19: Alterations of Hormonal Regulation..................................................................................................... 156
s! s! s! s! s!
Chapter 20: Structure and Function of the Hematologic System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiol
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
ogy, 6th Edition ........................................................................................................................................................ 169
s! s!
Chapter 21: Alterations of Hematologic Function ................................................................................................... 176
s! s! s! s! s!
INGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 177
Chapter 22: Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolog
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
y, 6th Edition ........................................................................................................................................................... 192
s! s!
Chapter 23: Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems Huether & McCance: Understan
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
ding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ........................................................................................................................... 200
s! s! s!
Chapter 24: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function ................................................................................................ 210
s! s! s! s! s!
U SNT s! s! O .................................................................................................................................................................. 210
SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................. 223
U SNT s! s! O .................................................................................................................................................................. 226
U SNT s! s! O .................................................................................................................................................................. 228
Chapter 25: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiol
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
ogy, 6th Edition ........................................................................................................................................................ 229
s! s!
SNT
s! s! s ! s ! O ...................................................................................................................................................................... 232
Chapter 26: Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolog
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
y, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................................ 236
s! s!
Chapter 27: Alterations of Pulmonary Function ...................................................................................................... 245
s! s! s! s! s!
, Chapter 28: Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology,
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s
6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................................... 257
! s!
Chapter 29: Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems Huether & McCance: Understanding Patho
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
physiology, 6th Edition ........................................................................................................................................... 265
s! s!
Chapter 30: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolog
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
y, 6th Edition ........................................................................................................................................................... 273
s! s!
Chapter 31: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pat
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
hophysiology, 6th Edition ....................................................................................................................................... 280
s! s!
Chapter 32: Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysio
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
logy, 6th Edition ....................................................................................................................................................... 286
s! s!
Chapter 33: Alterations of the Female Reproductive System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology,
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s
6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................................... 295
! s!
Chapter 34: Alterations of the Male Reproductive System ...................................................................................... 300
s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
Chapter 35: Structure and Function of the Digestive System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology,
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
6th Edition .............................................................................................................................................................. 305
s! s!
Chapter 36: Alterations of Digestive Function ......................................................................................................... 312
s! s! s! s! s!
Chapter 37: Alterations of Digestive Function in Children ...................................................................................... 325
s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
Chapter 38: Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophys
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
iology, 6th Edition.................................................................................................................................................... 334
s! s!
U SNT
s! s! O .................................................................................................................................................................. 337
Chapter 39: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function .............................................................................................. 342
s! s! s! s! s!
Chapter 40: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysio
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
logy, 6th Edition ....................................................................................................................................................... 352
s! s!
U SNT
s! s! O .................................................................................................................................................................. 354
Chapter 41: Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysi
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
ology, 6th Edition ..................................................................................................................................................... 357
s! s!
Chapter 42: Alterations of the Integument in Children ............................................................................................ 366
s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
, Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
s! s! s!
Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition
s! s! s! s! s! s!
MULTIPLE CHOICE s!
1. A student is observing a cell under the microscope. It is observed to have supercoiled DNA
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
with histones. Which of the following would also be observed by the student?
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
a. A single circular chromosome
s! s! s!
b. A nucleus s!
c. Free-floating nuclear material s! s!
d. No organelles s!
ANS: B s !
The cell described is a eukaryotic cell, so it has histones and a supercoiled DNA within its nuc
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
leus; thus, the nucleus should be observed. A single circular chromosome called a prokaryote
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
contains free-floating nuclear material but has no organelles.
s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
REF: p. 2 s! s!
2. A nurse is instructing the staff about cellular functions. Which cellular function is the nurse
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
describing when an isolated cell absorbs oxygen and uses it to transform nutrients to energy?
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
a. Metabolic absorption s!
b. Communication
c. Secretion
d. Respiration
ANS: D s!
The cell’s ability to absorb oxygen is referred to as respiration while its communication ability invol
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
ves maintenance of a steady dynamic state, metabolic absorption provides nutrition, and secretion al
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
lows for the synthesizing of new substances.
s! s! s! s! s! s!
REF: p. 2 s! s!
3. A eukaryotic cell is undergoing DNA replication. In which region of the cell would most of
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
the genetic information be contained?
s! s! s! s!
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Nucleus Cytoplasm s!
ANS: C s!
The region of the cell that contains genetic material, including a large amount of ribonucleic ac
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
id, most of the DNA, and DNA-
s! s! s! s! s! s!
binding proteins, is the nucleolus, which is located within the cell’s nucleus. Mitochondria is a
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
ssociated with cellular respiration, while ribosomes are involved with protein manufacturing.
s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
Cytoplasm is a fluid filling that is a component of the cell. s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s! s!
REF: p. 2 s! s!
