COMM 348 EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE
Context Collapse - Answers - Managing multiple identities in spaces where you have to
perform various versions of yourself for different groups of people in your life
Porn (class overview minus readings) - Answers - - Media has gotten more sexual
explicit over time
- We don't recognize sexual heteronormative media because it is so common (ex.
Husband and wife feeding each other cereal in a Kashi commercial)
- On the flip side, picture of gay couple getting married can trigger sexual thoughts→ is
their relationship sexual? If we saw it with a heteronormative couple we wouldn't think of
the sexual aspect
- Innuendo: see couple waking up in the morning, screen goes dark after they start
kissing
- Explicit symbolism: guy trying to throw football thru tire (aka. get penis in vagina), the
guy then leaves with girl; it is also what we don't see that is implicitly explicit
- Van Anders (2015), Sexual Configurations Theory; we are made up of a lot of different
intersectional components that determine our sexuality
- Study on trends of sexual and violent content by gender in top-grossing us films: found
that 82% of movies contain sexual content, only 31% of main characters are female but
the % of female characters involved in sexual and explicit sexual content is way higher
than male
- Porn has been a driver of technology (VHS really started proliferating due to porn so
people wouldn't have to go to public theatre to watch, internet porn led to technology
giving us greater bandwidth (can pay with credit cards now which is a private
transaction)
- Gail Dines on Porn: porn images shape gender and sexual identity, this culture
socializes girls to be ready for pornography even if they're never going to do it, taught to
hyper-sexualize and pornify themselves; bad
- Opposing view; Feminist Porn: Is the problem with the sex or is the problem with the
sex packaged in a certain way?; this kind respects sex from a woman's perspective,
creates films that show clear verbal consent etc., financial incentive to serve women
too, gives women ag
,Propensity - Answers - Propensity: outside factor that may account for how different
groups have different relationships with IV and DV (e.g., having strict parents vs. less
strict parents)
Propensities are NOT the same thing as Mediators and Moderators
The Media Script - Answers - The idea that media have power to generate scripts in our
lives... provide information on how to act in situations
- example 1: Mean Girls, how to act in a HS cafeteria
- example 2: The Dating Script (your typical date)
Significance of Dove Ad - Answers - When minority groups are portrayed their can be
controversy/backlash (ex. Ad is "racist"; this puts minorities in a bind; would you rather
not be shown at all or be shown in problematic ways
Reproduction & Motherhood (class overview minus the readings) - Answers - - Pregnant
women look like they're so happy and loving being pregnant in the media, brought back
into childlike state in the media (blowing bubbles), seen as saintly because going to be
a mom, husband is shown as infatuated with her, everything is white & clean, you're
completely put together when you breastfeed, pregnancy is glamorous --> media does
not show the reality of motherhood, it is a "bliss myth"
- This media puts subtle pressure on new mothers- guilty if you resent any of the
experience of having kids or sleep deprivation is hard, life falling apart etc→ child well
being is all that matters; You should be happy if your child is happy
Movie: Hip Hop Beyond Beats & Rhymes - Answers - - Masculinity and manhood in rap
and hip hop
- misogyny , violence, homophobia
- Complex intersections of culture and commerce in hip hop
- Strong, player, primp, powerful, not emotional etc. to fit inside the manhood box; if not
people label you as a pussy, weak (feminize you etc.), stereotypical masculine
standards
- History of hip hop= history of black men in america, trying to deny their own frailty (bc
they were slaves)
- Blacks pressured present self physically as someone worthy of respect; men with less
power like black and working class white men do this
- Rich men can exert their power in other ways than physically
- Lots of mentalities come out of forced environments in Reagan era (drug war→ prison
culture, gangs, etc.)
- Dominant image in hip hop is to be confrontational, "Black animosity" adds to street
cred factor
- Hyper-masculine Hollywood movie violence also has influence
- Black men more likely to be homicide victims than any other racial group in US, group
most likely to be killed by homicide between 15-30
, - Says it's ok for black men to die early, killing/shooting is a natural part of life
- Confrontation & black animosity: don't confront the wrong person
- By 90's, the guy who looks just like you is your enemy
- The heads of these big record labels are mostly white rich guys, know the
enemy/violence stuff sells, big structural issues
Race in News Media - Answers - - Infers all black people are violent bc that is how they
are portrayed
Modern Racism (Entman, 1992) - Answers - Hostility (toward particular group), rejection
(of whatever their mission is; equal rights vs. special rights), denial (that there is even a
problem→ "black people have the same rights as everyone else")
Ethnic Blame Discourse - Answers - - Blaming outgroups for social problems
- This discourse is regionally adaptive (in CA, problems in news blamed on blacks→
overrepresented as problem people in news in this area, whereas in other areas,
whatever groups are stigmatized/seen as inferior there will be blamed for that area's
issues)
- Dixon & Azocar (2006): content analysis of crime news, in LA/Orange County, black
youth overrepresented as felony perpetrators/those arrested in tv news, latinos are
underrepresented for felonies/those arrested; this may be due to structural limitations of
news production contributing to this under representation (language barrier etc.)
Russell, Wilson, & Hall (1992): Colorism in Films throughout History - Answers - Lighter
women, darker men for black people depiction in movies, lighter women bc casted as a
love interest, darker men bc casted as a criminal, lighter skin being attractive, darker
skin being malevolent
"Good Hair" Movie - Answers - - Every black girl feels pressure to get hair relaxed -
Relaxer (aka "creamy crack") is the chemical-filled cream that black women use to get
their hair straight
- Try to conform to a more european look; the straighter the hair, the better
- Weaves are another huge craze used by black women to add fullness & thickness to
hair
- Weaves are made out of imported hair from India (huge industry/Indian export, get hair
from girls "sacrificing their hair" at temple, women falling asleep and people taking their
hair while sleeping, etc.)
- Weaves are where the money is; hair exporter brings thousands of dollars of hair to
US/LA, Beverly Hills gets it first
- Hard to sell African hair; no one wants it
Vadenbosch and Eggermont (2015) - Answers - Title: The Role of Mass Media in
Adolescents' Sexual Behaviors: Exploring the Explanatory Value of the Three-Step Self-
Objectification Process
Context Collapse - Answers - Managing multiple identities in spaces where you have to
perform various versions of yourself for different groups of people in your life
Porn (class overview minus readings) - Answers - - Media has gotten more sexual
explicit over time
- We don't recognize sexual heteronormative media because it is so common (ex.
Husband and wife feeding each other cereal in a Kashi commercial)
- On the flip side, picture of gay couple getting married can trigger sexual thoughts→ is
their relationship sexual? If we saw it with a heteronormative couple we wouldn't think of
the sexual aspect
- Innuendo: see couple waking up in the morning, screen goes dark after they start
kissing
- Explicit symbolism: guy trying to throw football thru tire (aka. get penis in vagina), the
guy then leaves with girl; it is also what we don't see that is implicitly explicit
- Van Anders (2015), Sexual Configurations Theory; we are made up of a lot of different
intersectional components that determine our sexuality
- Study on trends of sexual and violent content by gender in top-grossing us films: found
that 82% of movies contain sexual content, only 31% of main characters are female but
the % of female characters involved in sexual and explicit sexual content is way higher
than male
- Porn has been a driver of technology (VHS really started proliferating due to porn so
people wouldn't have to go to public theatre to watch, internet porn led to technology
giving us greater bandwidth (can pay with credit cards now which is a private
transaction)
- Gail Dines on Porn: porn images shape gender and sexual identity, this culture
socializes girls to be ready for pornography even if they're never going to do it, taught to
hyper-sexualize and pornify themselves; bad
- Opposing view; Feminist Porn: Is the problem with the sex or is the problem with the
sex packaged in a certain way?; this kind respects sex from a woman's perspective,
creates films that show clear verbal consent etc., financial incentive to serve women
too, gives women ag
,Propensity - Answers - Propensity: outside factor that may account for how different
groups have different relationships with IV and DV (e.g., having strict parents vs. less
strict parents)
Propensities are NOT the same thing as Mediators and Moderators
The Media Script - Answers - The idea that media have power to generate scripts in our
lives... provide information on how to act in situations
- example 1: Mean Girls, how to act in a HS cafeteria
- example 2: The Dating Script (your typical date)
Significance of Dove Ad - Answers - When minority groups are portrayed their can be
controversy/backlash (ex. Ad is "racist"; this puts minorities in a bind; would you rather
not be shown at all or be shown in problematic ways
Reproduction & Motherhood (class overview minus the readings) - Answers - - Pregnant
women look like they're so happy and loving being pregnant in the media, brought back
into childlike state in the media (blowing bubbles), seen as saintly because going to be
a mom, husband is shown as infatuated with her, everything is white & clean, you're
completely put together when you breastfeed, pregnancy is glamorous --> media does
not show the reality of motherhood, it is a "bliss myth"
- This media puts subtle pressure on new mothers- guilty if you resent any of the
experience of having kids or sleep deprivation is hard, life falling apart etc→ child well
being is all that matters; You should be happy if your child is happy
Movie: Hip Hop Beyond Beats & Rhymes - Answers - - Masculinity and manhood in rap
and hip hop
- misogyny , violence, homophobia
- Complex intersections of culture and commerce in hip hop
- Strong, player, primp, powerful, not emotional etc. to fit inside the manhood box; if not
people label you as a pussy, weak (feminize you etc.), stereotypical masculine
standards
- History of hip hop= history of black men in america, trying to deny their own frailty (bc
they were slaves)
- Blacks pressured present self physically as someone worthy of respect; men with less
power like black and working class white men do this
- Rich men can exert their power in other ways than physically
- Lots of mentalities come out of forced environments in Reagan era (drug war→ prison
culture, gangs, etc.)
- Dominant image in hip hop is to be confrontational, "Black animosity" adds to street
cred factor
- Hyper-masculine Hollywood movie violence also has influence
- Black men more likely to be homicide victims than any other racial group in US, group
most likely to be killed by homicide between 15-30
, - Says it's ok for black men to die early, killing/shooting is a natural part of life
- Confrontation & black animosity: don't confront the wrong person
- By 90's, the guy who looks just like you is your enemy
- The heads of these big record labels are mostly white rich guys, know the
enemy/violence stuff sells, big structural issues
Race in News Media - Answers - - Infers all black people are violent bc that is how they
are portrayed
Modern Racism (Entman, 1992) - Answers - Hostility (toward particular group), rejection
(of whatever their mission is; equal rights vs. special rights), denial (that there is even a
problem→ "black people have the same rights as everyone else")
Ethnic Blame Discourse - Answers - - Blaming outgroups for social problems
- This discourse is regionally adaptive (in CA, problems in news blamed on blacks→
overrepresented as problem people in news in this area, whereas in other areas,
whatever groups are stigmatized/seen as inferior there will be blamed for that area's
issues)
- Dixon & Azocar (2006): content analysis of crime news, in LA/Orange County, black
youth overrepresented as felony perpetrators/those arrested in tv news, latinos are
underrepresented for felonies/those arrested; this may be due to structural limitations of
news production contributing to this under representation (language barrier etc.)
Russell, Wilson, & Hall (1992): Colorism in Films throughout History - Answers - Lighter
women, darker men for black people depiction in movies, lighter women bc casted as a
love interest, darker men bc casted as a criminal, lighter skin being attractive, darker
skin being malevolent
"Good Hair" Movie - Answers - - Every black girl feels pressure to get hair relaxed -
Relaxer (aka "creamy crack") is the chemical-filled cream that black women use to get
their hair straight
- Try to conform to a more european look; the straighter the hair, the better
- Weaves are another huge craze used by black women to add fullness & thickness to
hair
- Weaves are made out of imported hair from India (huge industry/Indian export, get hair
from girls "sacrificing their hair" at temple, women falling asleep and people taking their
hair while sleeping, etc.)
- Weaves are where the money is; hair exporter brings thousands of dollars of hair to
US/LA, Beverly Hills gets it first
- Hard to sell African hair; no one wants it
Vadenbosch and Eggermont (2015) - Answers - Title: The Role of Mass Media in
Adolescents' Sexual Behaviors: Exploring the Explanatory Value of the Three-Step Self-
Objectification Process
