PN 2004 Health Promotion Final Updated
Actual Question and Answer (2026/2027)
| 100% Verified Answers
• Cohort effect -✓✓ enables us to understand older adults from different cultures and
different geographical areas
• In Eriksons older adults will experience what? -✓✓ Ego integrity vs. despair-evaluating
one's life/accomplishments for meaning
• Biological Theories -✓✓ explain the physiological processes that change with aging,
how is aging manifested on the molecular level in the cells, tissues, and body system.
• Stochastic (statistical) perspective -✓✓ Identifies episodic events that happen
throughout one's life that cause random cell damage and accumulate over time, causing
aging
Includes: Free radical, cross linking theory, wear and tear
• Free radical theory -✓✓ proposes that aging is due to oxidative metabolism and the
effects of free radicals.
• Wear and tear theory -✓✓ Cumulative changes as cells age and damage cellular
metabolism (Example-inability to repair damaged DNA -- heart, neurons, striated
muscle, brain cant replace after they are destroyed by wear and tear.
• Nonstochastic perspective -✓✓ Aging occurs because of pre-programmed genetic
attributes or biological clock
• Nursing theories of aging -✓✓ developed to address the need for providing framework
to guide caregivers in nursing homes how to care for the older people and how to
support them in the development process of aging
• Is a big decline in memory and cognitive ability a part of the normal aging process? -
✓✓ No; our brains should remain relatively healthy as we age; this could be a separate
disease process
• What are some things that the natural process of aging includes? -✓✓ involves subtle
changes in brain structure, chemistry, and function that commonly begin in midlife
• What is decline in bone mass accelerated by? -✓✓ Immobility*
Poor diet
Smoking
, Excess alcohol intake
Decreased estrogen
Steroids
Hyperthyroidism
(Trauma)
• Physiological changes of aging: collagenous tissues -✓✓ Loss of water from matrix,
loss of elastic fibers
Shrinkage of articular cartilage and vertebral discs (less shock absorption)*
Stiffer tissues and decreased ROM*
Sagging skin/organs
• Physiological changes of aging: cognition* -✓✓ Decline in perceptual speed (need
more time for tasks)
Cognition declines significantly after 80 yrs
Short term memory impairments (learning new skills affected)
Numeric/verbal abilities AND long-term memory maintained!
• Physiological changes of aging: vision* -✓✓ Decline in visual acuity: vision loss
common >90yrs
Decreased adaptation to dark/light -> increased sensitivity to light/glare
Loss of color discrimination
Cataracts (blurry vision)
• Physiological changes of aging: skin* -✓✓ Thinning epidermis
Reduced sweat gland activity (tend to overheat)
Reduced blood supply (slower healing)
• What determines how we age? -✓✓ health
genetics
environment
socioeconomic status
• the theoretical length of life for an individual under ideal living conditions -✓✓ life span
• summary measure of the expected duration of life calculated from observed death
rates for a population -✓✓ life expectancy
• Most common forms of pathological aging -✓✓ dementia and severe cognitive
problems
• Emotional and physical stresses associated with aging causes -✓✓ Depression and
other forms of mental illness
Actual Question and Answer (2026/2027)
| 100% Verified Answers
• Cohort effect -✓✓ enables us to understand older adults from different cultures and
different geographical areas
• In Eriksons older adults will experience what? -✓✓ Ego integrity vs. despair-evaluating
one's life/accomplishments for meaning
• Biological Theories -✓✓ explain the physiological processes that change with aging,
how is aging manifested on the molecular level in the cells, tissues, and body system.
• Stochastic (statistical) perspective -✓✓ Identifies episodic events that happen
throughout one's life that cause random cell damage and accumulate over time, causing
aging
Includes: Free radical, cross linking theory, wear and tear
• Free radical theory -✓✓ proposes that aging is due to oxidative metabolism and the
effects of free radicals.
• Wear and tear theory -✓✓ Cumulative changes as cells age and damage cellular
metabolism (Example-inability to repair damaged DNA -- heart, neurons, striated
muscle, brain cant replace after they are destroyed by wear and tear.
• Nonstochastic perspective -✓✓ Aging occurs because of pre-programmed genetic
attributes or biological clock
• Nursing theories of aging -✓✓ developed to address the need for providing framework
to guide caregivers in nursing homes how to care for the older people and how to
support them in the development process of aging
• Is a big decline in memory and cognitive ability a part of the normal aging process? -
✓✓ No; our brains should remain relatively healthy as we age; this could be a separate
disease process
• What are some things that the natural process of aging includes? -✓✓ involves subtle
changes in brain structure, chemistry, and function that commonly begin in midlife
• What is decline in bone mass accelerated by? -✓✓ Immobility*
Poor diet
Smoking
, Excess alcohol intake
Decreased estrogen
Steroids
Hyperthyroidism
(Trauma)
• Physiological changes of aging: collagenous tissues -✓✓ Loss of water from matrix,
loss of elastic fibers
Shrinkage of articular cartilage and vertebral discs (less shock absorption)*
Stiffer tissues and decreased ROM*
Sagging skin/organs
• Physiological changes of aging: cognition* -✓✓ Decline in perceptual speed (need
more time for tasks)
Cognition declines significantly after 80 yrs
Short term memory impairments (learning new skills affected)
Numeric/verbal abilities AND long-term memory maintained!
• Physiological changes of aging: vision* -✓✓ Decline in visual acuity: vision loss
common >90yrs
Decreased adaptation to dark/light -> increased sensitivity to light/glare
Loss of color discrimination
Cataracts (blurry vision)
• Physiological changes of aging: skin* -✓✓ Thinning epidermis
Reduced sweat gland activity (tend to overheat)
Reduced blood supply (slower healing)
• What determines how we age? -✓✓ health
genetics
environment
socioeconomic status
• the theoretical length of life for an individual under ideal living conditions -✓✓ life span
• summary measure of the expected duration of life calculated from observed death
rates for a population -✓✓ life expectancy
• Most common forms of pathological aging -✓✓ dementia and severe cognitive
problems
• Emotional and physical stresses associated with aging causes -✓✓ Depression and
other forms of mental illness
