CLINICAL CHEMISTRY AMT QUESTIONS
hh hh hh
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 2025
hh hh hh
INTRAvascular hhCompartment: hh- hhCORRECT hhANSWER hh-
consists hhof hhbody hhfluids hhcontained hhwithin hhblood hhand hhlymph hhvessels.
EXTRAvascular hhCompartment: hh- hhCORRECT hhANSWER hh-
consists hhof hhbody hhfluids hhcontained hhOUTSIDE hhof hhthe hhblood hhand hhlymph hhvessels,
i.e. hhin hhbody hhtissues/organs. hhIncludes hhintracellular hh(within hhtissue hhcells) hhand hhextracellular
hh(outside hho hhf hhcells, hhin hhinterstitial hhspaces) hhwater.
Electrolytes hhplay hha hhsignificant hhrole hhin hh- hhCORRECT hhANSWER hh-
the hhosmotic hhpressure hhdifferences hhin hhthe hhbody hh(along hhwith hhproteins)
in hhsustaining hhlife hhby hhtransmitting hhelectrochemical hhimpulses hhin hhnerves hhand hhmuscles
FUNCTIONS hhof hhELECTROLYTES hh- hhCORRECT hhANSWER hh-Regulation hhof hhwater hhdistribution
Contributes hhto hhosmotic hhpressure
Nerve hhtransmission hhto hhmuscles
Cell hhpermeability hh(passage hhof hhsolutes hhand hhsolvents hhinto/out hhof hhcells)
Oxidation-reduction h h reactions
Maintenance hhof hhblood hhpH
,ELECTROLYTE hhIMBALANCE hh- hhCORRECT hhANSWER hh-A hhlife-threatening hhsituation
Can hhbe hhcaused hhby-
excessive hhvomiting, hhurination, hhsweating, hhdiarrhea, hhbleeding hhand hhexudation hh(from hhburns)
MAJOR hhELECTROLYTES hh- hhCORRECT hhANSWER hh-
Sodium hhis hhthe hhmajor hhcation hhin hhPLASMA hhand hhinterstitial hhfluids
Potassium hhis hhthe hhmajor hhcation hhin hhINTRACELLULAR hhfluids
OSMOSIS hh- hhCORRECT hhANSWER hh-The hhmovement hhof hhwater hhthrough hha
hhsemi- hhpermeable hhmembrane hhfrom hha
HIGHER-concentration hhsolution hhto hha
LOWER-concentration hhsolution hh(until hhhomeostasis hhis hhreached)
The hhphysical hhforce hhexerted hhby hhthis hhmovement hhis hhcalled hhthe hhOSMOTIC hhPRESSURE
ANION hhGAP hh- hhCORRECT hhANSWER hh-ANION hhGAP hh= hh[Na+ hh+ hhK+] hh- hh[Cl- hh+ hhHCO3-]
Thus, hhthe hhanion hhgap hhrepresents hhthe hhdifference hhbetween hhthe hhUNmeasured hhanions hhand hhthe
hhUNmea hhsured hhcations
,HIGH hhANION hhGAP hh- hhCORRECT hhANSWER hh-High hhAG hhseen hhin hhsuch hhdiseases hhas-
diabetes hh(uncontrolled)- hhdue hhto hhthe hhformation hhof hhketoacids, hhand hhsubsequent hhdecrease hhin
hhHCO3-
Lactic hhacidosis
ketoacidosis
Elevated hhlevels hhof hhacids hh(H+) hhcauses hha hhconcomitant hhdecrease hhin hhHCO3-
hh(bicarbonate hhbuffer), hhcausing hhthe hhAG hhto hhincrease.
LOW hhANION hhGAP hh- hhCORRECT hhANSWER hh-Seen hhin hhmultiple hhmyeloma
other hhuses hhfor hhanion hhgap hh- hhCORRECT hhANSWER hh-Can hhbe hhused hhas hha hhquality hhcontrol hhfunction
SODIUM hh- hhCORRECT hhANSWER hh-Major hhcation hh(+) hhin hhextracellular hhfluid
Sodium hhingestion hhcauses hha hhtemporary hhincrease hhin hhextracellular hhfluid
hhvolume- hhbecause hhwater hhfollows hhthe hhsodium hhinto hhtissues.
RENAL hhREGULATION hhof hhSODIUM hh- hhCORRECT hhANSWER hh-
Mainly hhcontrolled hhby hhthe hhhormone hhALDOSTERONE
secreted hhby hhthe hhadrenal hhcortex
a hhmineralocorticoid hhhormone
, ALDOSTERONE hh- hhCORRECT hhANSWER hh-
Stimulates hhNa+ hhreabsorption hhin hhkidneys hh(increasing hhblood hhvolume hhand hhBP)
Stimulates hhK+ hhsecretion/elimination hhin hhkidneys
Decreased hhBP hhand hhblood hhvolume hhstimulate hhaldosterone hhsecretion
ATRIAL hhNATRIURETIC hhPEPTIDE hh(ANP) hh- hhCORRECT hhANSWER hh-secreted hhby hhthe hhheart
Regulates hhBP
FUNCTIONS hhOF hhSODIUM hh- hhCORRECT hhANSWER hh-
Nerve hhimpulse hhtransmission hh(responsible hhfor hhcreating hhthe hhresting hhmembrane hhpotential hhvia hhthe
hhNa
+/K+ hhpump)
Maintaining hhosmotic hhpressure hhin hhextracellular hhfluid
Facilitating hhmuscle hhcontraction hh(esp. hhcardiac hhmuscle)
Maintaining hhacid-base hhbalance hh(Na+/H+ hhexchange hhin hhrenal hhtubules)
Maintaining hhblood hhviscosity hh(via hhwater hhexcretion/absorption)
Hypernatremia hh- hhCORRECT hhANSWER hh-increased hhsodium hhlevels hh(rare)
hh hh hh
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 2025
hh hh hh
INTRAvascular hhCompartment: hh- hhCORRECT hhANSWER hh-
consists hhof hhbody hhfluids hhcontained hhwithin hhblood hhand hhlymph hhvessels.
EXTRAvascular hhCompartment: hh- hhCORRECT hhANSWER hh-
consists hhof hhbody hhfluids hhcontained hhOUTSIDE hhof hhthe hhblood hhand hhlymph hhvessels,
i.e. hhin hhbody hhtissues/organs. hhIncludes hhintracellular hh(within hhtissue hhcells) hhand hhextracellular
hh(outside hho hhf hhcells, hhin hhinterstitial hhspaces) hhwater.
Electrolytes hhplay hha hhsignificant hhrole hhin hh- hhCORRECT hhANSWER hh-
the hhosmotic hhpressure hhdifferences hhin hhthe hhbody hh(along hhwith hhproteins)
in hhsustaining hhlife hhby hhtransmitting hhelectrochemical hhimpulses hhin hhnerves hhand hhmuscles
FUNCTIONS hhof hhELECTROLYTES hh- hhCORRECT hhANSWER hh-Regulation hhof hhwater hhdistribution
Contributes hhto hhosmotic hhpressure
Nerve hhtransmission hhto hhmuscles
Cell hhpermeability hh(passage hhof hhsolutes hhand hhsolvents hhinto/out hhof hhcells)
Oxidation-reduction h h reactions
Maintenance hhof hhblood hhpH
,ELECTROLYTE hhIMBALANCE hh- hhCORRECT hhANSWER hh-A hhlife-threatening hhsituation
Can hhbe hhcaused hhby-
excessive hhvomiting, hhurination, hhsweating, hhdiarrhea, hhbleeding hhand hhexudation hh(from hhburns)
MAJOR hhELECTROLYTES hh- hhCORRECT hhANSWER hh-
Sodium hhis hhthe hhmajor hhcation hhin hhPLASMA hhand hhinterstitial hhfluids
Potassium hhis hhthe hhmajor hhcation hhin hhINTRACELLULAR hhfluids
OSMOSIS hh- hhCORRECT hhANSWER hh-The hhmovement hhof hhwater hhthrough hha
hhsemi- hhpermeable hhmembrane hhfrom hha
HIGHER-concentration hhsolution hhto hha
LOWER-concentration hhsolution hh(until hhhomeostasis hhis hhreached)
The hhphysical hhforce hhexerted hhby hhthis hhmovement hhis hhcalled hhthe hhOSMOTIC hhPRESSURE
ANION hhGAP hh- hhCORRECT hhANSWER hh-ANION hhGAP hh= hh[Na+ hh+ hhK+] hh- hh[Cl- hh+ hhHCO3-]
Thus, hhthe hhanion hhgap hhrepresents hhthe hhdifference hhbetween hhthe hhUNmeasured hhanions hhand hhthe
hhUNmea hhsured hhcations
,HIGH hhANION hhGAP hh- hhCORRECT hhANSWER hh-High hhAG hhseen hhin hhsuch hhdiseases hhas-
diabetes hh(uncontrolled)- hhdue hhto hhthe hhformation hhof hhketoacids, hhand hhsubsequent hhdecrease hhin
hhHCO3-
Lactic hhacidosis
ketoacidosis
Elevated hhlevels hhof hhacids hh(H+) hhcauses hha hhconcomitant hhdecrease hhin hhHCO3-
hh(bicarbonate hhbuffer), hhcausing hhthe hhAG hhto hhincrease.
LOW hhANION hhGAP hh- hhCORRECT hhANSWER hh-Seen hhin hhmultiple hhmyeloma
other hhuses hhfor hhanion hhgap hh- hhCORRECT hhANSWER hh-Can hhbe hhused hhas hha hhquality hhcontrol hhfunction
SODIUM hh- hhCORRECT hhANSWER hh-Major hhcation hh(+) hhin hhextracellular hhfluid
Sodium hhingestion hhcauses hha hhtemporary hhincrease hhin hhextracellular hhfluid
hhvolume- hhbecause hhwater hhfollows hhthe hhsodium hhinto hhtissues.
RENAL hhREGULATION hhof hhSODIUM hh- hhCORRECT hhANSWER hh-
Mainly hhcontrolled hhby hhthe hhhormone hhALDOSTERONE
secreted hhby hhthe hhadrenal hhcortex
a hhmineralocorticoid hhhormone
, ALDOSTERONE hh- hhCORRECT hhANSWER hh-
Stimulates hhNa+ hhreabsorption hhin hhkidneys hh(increasing hhblood hhvolume hhand hhBP)
Stimulates hhK+ hhsecretion/elimination hhin hhkidneys
Decreased hhBP hhand hhblood hhvolume hhstimulate hhaldosterone hhsecretion
ATRIAL hhNATRIURETIC hhPEPTIDE hh(ANP) hh- hhCORRECT hhANSWER hh-secreted hhby hhthe hhheart
Regulates hhBP
FUNCTIONS hhOF hhSODIUM hh- hhCORRECT hhANSWER hh-
Nerve hhimpulse hhtransmission hh(responsible hhfor hhcreating hhthe hhresting hhmembrane hhpotential hhvia hhthe
hhNa
+/K+ hhpump)
Maintaining hhosmotic hhpressure hhin hhextracellular hhfluid
Facilitating hhmuscle hhcontraction hh(esp. hhcardiac hhmuscle)
Maintaining hhacid-base hhbalance hh(Na+/H+ hhexchange hhin hhrenal hhtubules)
Maintaining hhblood hhviscosity hh(via hhwater hhexcretion/absorption)
Hypernatremia hh- hhCORRECT hhANSWER hh-increased hhsodium hhlevels hh(rare)
