BIOL 121 PORTAGE LEARNING A&P I FINAL EXAM SUNY
WESTCHESTER COMMUNITY COLLEGE NEW AND
UPDATED ALREADY GRADED A+
List two organs contained in the abdominal cavity.
The abdominal cavity contains the stomach, intestines, spleen and liver
True or False?
a. Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria. (T or F)
b. The purpose of cellular respiration is to produce ATP. (T or F)
c. Integral proteins are only found on the inner surface of a cell membrane. (T or
F)
d. Endocytosis is the process that occurs to eject biomacromolecules from the cell.
(T or F)
e. Pinocytosis uses a signaling molecule from another cell, binding to the cell
membrane to bring about changes within the cell proteins. (T or F)
a. True
b. True
c. False
d. False
e. False
You are observing two cells under the microscope. They are the same type of
eukaryotic cell but one appears much larger. Based on appearance alone, which
one would you expect to be carrying out respiration at a more active rate, the
larger or smaller cell? Explain why.
I believe it is the smaller cell that will breathe at a more active rate because in
order for respiration to occur efficiently and more actively the surface area to
volume ratio is very critical; also, if the larger surface area is present then the
diffusion of gases occur at a higher rate; so, larger cells will have a smaller surface
,to volume ratio and diffusion that will occur at a slower rate creating a less active
respiration; and, on the other hand smaller cells will have a larger surface area to
volume ratio and an improved diffusion rate, so the higher rate and more active
respiration.
The smaller cell. Cells need to remain relatively small because as a cell expands
the amount of surface area relative to the volume of the cell decreases. The
smaller cell is more active because relative to its volume, its surface area is
larger than a bigger cell. With a larger surface area (relative to its volume) this
allows the metabolic processes to occur faster.
Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words.
Explain what happens to the epiglottis during swallowing. Why?
During swallowing the epiglottis moves inferiorly to close off and prevent
aspiration by covering the trachea and creating a passage for liquid, food, or bolus
into the esophagus; and, preventing these things from entering into the lungs.
Air and food pass in which one of the following areas:
Oropharynx
From widest to narrowest, the branches of the bronchial tree are:
Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles
What is the study of the function of the human body?
Physiology
Epithelium is an example of what level of organization in the human body?
Tissue
What is the breakdown of nutrients?
Catabolism
List the four basic types of tissues.
Epithelium, Muscle, Connective, and Nervous tissues.
,List the three layers of the skin in order from superficial to deep. The most
superficial layer of the skin should be at the top of your list. To receive credit the
layers must be in this order.
Epidermis (Outer Layer), Dermis (Middle Layer), and Hypodermis (Subcutaneous
and Inner Layer)
Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words.
Glucagon stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in the liver. Based upon your
learning of metabolism, would this be considered an anabolic or catabolic
hormone? Explain why.
Catabolic hormone because it is breaking down of a larger substance, glycogen,
into their simpler, smaller building blocks within the liver (releasing energy in the
process).
What anatomical orientation term is used to indicate "toward the back of the
body"?
Dorsal
What anatomical orientation term is used to indicate "toward the upper part of a
structure"?
Superior
What anatomical orientation term is used to indicate "toward the body surface"?
Superficial (External)
What anatomical orientation term is used to indicate "further from the origin of
the body part"?
Distal
You are looking at a diagram of a patient standing in anatomical position. On the
sheet of paper containing the diagram, which thumb points to the left side of the
paper, right or left?
Right
, Is the spine part of the axial or appendicular region of the body?
Axial region
A patient is standing in anatomical position. The patient moves his hand to scratch
his nose. What anatomical action term is best used to indicate the motion
occurring at his elbow?
Flexion
Explain why someone who has hypergastrinemia (excessive secretion of gastrin)
might develop gastric/stomach ulcers.
Hypergastrinemia leads to excess secretion of the gastrin hormone, which induces
excess secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach; and, the excess acid then
acts as a protective mucousa layer causing disruption that can lead to those
ulcers.
Gastrin stimulates the secretions of pepsinogens and hydrochloric acid. Excess
amounts would lead to erosion of the stomach lining.
Describe parietal cells and chief cells: name their location, secretions and
purposes.
Parietal and chief cells are located in the stomach wall and they secrete gastric
juices and mucous, secrete hormones that regulate digestive activity; also, parietal
cells produce HCl in the stomach; and, chief cells secrete te enzymes pepsinogen,
rennin, and gastric lipase.
The parietal cells (located in the wall of the stomach body) secrete hydrochloric
acid, generating a pH of 1.3-3.5. This very acidic pH kills many of the bacteria
ingested along with food. In addition, the low pH stops the activity of salivary
amylase. The secretion of hydrochloric acid is essential in the activation of
pepsin.
Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen. Pepsinogen (a pre-enzyme) is secreted by the
chief cells in the stomach. Hydrochloric acid converts the inactive pepsinogen
WESTCHESTER COMMUNITY COLLEGE NEW AND
UPDATED ALREADY GRADED A+
List two organs contained in the abdominal cavity.
The abdominal cavity contains the stomach, intestines, spleen and liver
True or False?
a. Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria. (T or F)
b. The purpose of cellular respiration is to produce ATP. (T or F)
c. Integral proteins are only found on the inner surface of a cell membrane. (T or
F)
d. Endocytosis is the process that occurs to eject biomacromolecules from the cell.
(T or F)
e. Pinocytosis uses a signaling molecule from another cell, binding to the cell
membrane to bring about changes within the cell proteins. (T or F)
a. True
b. True
c. False
d. False
e. False
You are observing two cells under the microscope. They are the same type of
eukaryotic cell but one appears much larger. Based on appearance alone, which
one would you expect to be carrying out respiration at a more active rate, the
larger or smaller cell? Explain why.
I believe it is the smaller cell that will breathe at a more active rate because in
order for respiration to occur efficiently and more actively the surface area to
volume ratio is very critical; also, if the larger surface area is present then the
diffusion of gases occur at a higher rate; so, larger cells will have a smaller surface
,to volume ratio and diffusion that will occur at a slower rate creating a less active
respiration; and, on the other hand smaller cells will have a larger surface area to
volume ratio and an improved diffusion rate, so the higher rate and more active
respiration.
The smaller cell. Cells need to remain relatively small because as a cell expands
the amount of surface area relative to the volume of the cell decreases. The
smaller cell is more active because relative to its volume, its surface area is
larger than a bigger cell. With a larger surface area (relative to its volume) this
allows the metabolic processes to occur faster.
Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words.
Explain what happens to the epiglottis during swallowing. Why?
During swallowing the epiglottis moves inferiorly to close off and prevent
aspiration by covering the trachea and creating a passage for liquid, food, or bolus
into the esophagus; and, preventing these things from entering into the lungs.
Air and food pass in which one of the following areas:
Oropharynx
From widest to narrowest, the branches of the bronchial tree are:
Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles
What is the study of the function of the human body?
Physiology
Epithelium is an example of what level of organization in the human body?
Tissue
What is the breakdown of nutrients?
Catabolism
List the four basic types of tissues.
Epithelium, Muscle, Connective, and Nervous tissues.
,List the three layers of the skin in order from superficial to deep. The most
superficial layer of the skin should be at the top of your list. To receive credit the
layers must be in this order.
Epidermis (Outer Layer), Dermis (Middle Layer), and Hypodermis (Subcutaneous
and Inner Layer)
Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words.
Glucagon stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in the liver. Based upon your
learning of metabolism, would this be considered an anabolic or catabolic
hormone? Explain why.
Catabolic hormone because it is breaking down of a larger substance, glycogen,
into their simpler, smaller building blocks within the liver (releasing energy in the
process).
What anatomical orientation term is used to indicate "toward the back of the
body"?
Dorsal
What anatomical orientation term is used to indicate "toward the upper part of a
structure"?
Superior
What anatomical orientation term is used to indicate "toward the body surface"?
Superficial (External)
What anatomical orientation term is used to indicate "further from the origin of
the body part"?
Distal
You are looking at a diagram of a patient standing in anatomical position. On the
sheet of paper containing the diagram, which thumb points to the left side of the
paper, right or left?
Right
, Is the spine part of the axial or appendicular region of the body?
Axial region
A patient is standing in anatomical position. The patient moves his hand to scratch
his nose. What anatomical action term is best used to indicate the motion
occurring at his elbow?
Flexion
Explain why someone who has hypergastrinemia (excessive secretion of gastrin)
might develop gastric/stomach ulcers.
Hypergastrinemia leads to excess secretion of the gastrin hormone, which induces
excess secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach; and, the excess acid then
acts as a protective mucousa layer causing disruption that can lead to those
ulcers.
Gastrin stimulates the secretions of pepsinogens and hydrochloric acid. Excess
amounts would lead to erosion of the stomach lining.
Describe parietal cells and chief cells: name their location, secretions and
purposes.
Parietal and chief cells are located in the stomach wall and they secrete gastric
juices and mucous, secrete hormones that regulate digestive activity; also, parietal
cells produce HCl in the stomach; and, chief cells secrete te enzymes pepsinogen,
rennin, and gastric lipase.
The parietal cells (located in the wall of the stomach body) secrete hydrochloric
acid, generating a pH of 1.3-3.5. This very acidic pH kills many of the bacteria
ingested along with food. In addition, the low pH stops the activity of salivary
amylase. The secretion of hydrochloric acid is essential in the activation of
pepsin.
Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen. Pepsinogen (a pre-enzyme) is secreted by the
chief cells in the stomach. Hydrochloric acid converts the inactive pepsinogen
