GCU BIO 201 Exam 4 Complete Study
Questions with Verified Answers |
Brand New Version
1. What two structures make up the CNS? - ANSWER brain and spinal cord
2. Review the meanings of rostral and caudal. - ANSWER Rostral (toward
forehead)
Caudal (toward cord)
3. What region comprises the bulk of the volume of the human brain? -
ANSWER The cerebrum is 83% of brain volume
4. Where is cerebrospinal fluid made, how is it circulated, and what is its
purpose in the CNS? - ANSWER The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed
by the choroid plexus and modified ependymal cells.
5. The functions of CSF:
- Protect the brain from striking the cranium (if trauma is severe a
concussion or TBI occurs)
- Gives buoyancy to brain to prevent brain from crushing under own
weight
- Transports nutrients like glucose, chemical messengers, and waste
6. Explain the role of arachnoid villi and arachnoid granulations on the
circulation of CFS - ANSWER - Arachnoid villi: act as one-way valves,
allowing CSF to exit the subarachnoid space and enter the venous
circulation.
, - Arachnoid granulations: serve as major sites for the absorption of CSF
into the bloodstream. They provide an interface between the CSF in
the subarachnoid space and the blood in the venous sinuses.
7. What causes hydrocephalus? - ANSWER If CSF becomes obstructed it can
cause a condition called hydrocephalus which is the enlargement of the head
in babies and brain damage in adults
8. Describe the pathophysiology of meningitis? - ANSWER Meningitis is the
inflammation of the meninges, and it's usually a disease of infancy and
childhood. It is a bacterial and viral invasion of the CNS and usually causes
respiratory system, throat, or ear infections. Symptoms include high fever,
stiff neck, drowsiness, headache, and may progress to death quickly. To
diagnose it you must examine the CSF but a lumbar puncture, a spinal tap.
9. What is the blood brain barrier and what are the structures involved? -
ANSWER Blood vessels (capillaries) that selectively let certain substances
enter the brain tissue and keep other substances out to help maintain a stable
environment for the brain
10.What are circumventricular organs (CVOs)? What are fenestrated
capillaries? Why do you find them at the CVOs? - ANSWER
Circumventricular organs (CVOs) are found surrounding the 3rd and 4th
ventricles and are breaks in the barrier where blood has direct access.
Fenestrated capillaries are found in the choroid plexus which allows for
more permeability.
11.Which portions of the brain make up the brain stem? - ANSWER The
brainstem consists of the midbrain, pons, and the medulla oblongata
,12.The midbrain is responsible for which functions? - ANSWER Coordinates
head and eye movement when we visually follow a moving object or see
something out of corner of eye, even when we are not conscious of it
Coordinates head reflex movement to unexpected auditory stimulus - startle
reflex
13.What is the major function of the pons? - ANSWER helps maintain normal
rhythm of breathing, and helps to modify the rate/pace & depth of breathing.
14.Which portion of the brain stem adjusts the force and rate of heartbeat,
vomiting, sneezing, etc? - ANSWER The medulla oblongata is the most
inferior part of the brain stem which regulates inhaling and exhaling. It
regulates heart rate, blood pressure, vomiting, hiccuping, swallowing,
gagging, sweating, coughing, and sneezing.
15.Which major region of the brain coordinates skeletal muscle contractions
needed for smooth, coordinated movements of our daily lives? - ANSWER
The cerebellum coordinates skeletal muscle contractions for the smooth, and
coordinates our movements of our daily lives. It does this by receiving input
from the proprioceptors and eyes to coordinate movement.
16.Explain the difference between a gyrus and a sulcus. - ANSWER The folds
in the brain are called gyri and the groves are called the sulci.
17.What is a fissure in the brain? - ANSWER Longitudinal fissure - divides
cerebral hemispheres
18.Explain the difference between nuclei and tracts in the brain. - ANSWER
Nuclei in the brain are in the deeper mass of gray matter while tracts are in
the white matter which are bundles of axons
, 19.Compare and contrast grey and white matter in the brain. - ANSWER Gray
matter forms the cortex over the cerebrum, cerebellum, and nuclei deep
within the brain and contains lots of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and
synapses.
20.White matter forms tracts that connect parts of the brain (myelinated axons)
21.What are the 3 layers of the meninges? - ANSWER 1. dura mater
2. arachnoid mater
3. pia mater
22.What is the dura mater? - ANSWER The first layer is the dura mater which
is the outermost layer. The dura mater is just inside the bone layer. The
epidural space is filled with fat in the low back and is where anesthesia is
given during childbirth. This is also where the the dural sinuses are located.
The dura mater also covers the spinal cord and is located in the subdural
space.
23.What is the arachnoid mater? - ANSWER This is the web-like middle layer
and fills the subarachnoid space. In a subdural hematoma, the blood seeps
between the dura and the arachnoid layers.
24.Where is the pia mater located? - ANSWER The pia mater is located
underneath the sub-arachnoid space. It is very thin, and tightly adhered to
the surface of the brain and spinal cord.
25.Label the locations of the following ventricles:
a. Lateral ventricle
b. Third Ventricle
Questions with Verified Answers |
Brand New Version
1. What two structures make up the CNS? - ANSWER brain and spinal cord
2. Review the meanings of rostral and caudal. - ANSWER Rostral (toward
forehead)
Caudal (toward cord)
3. What region comprises the bulk of the volume of the human brain? -
ANSWER The cerebrum is 83% of brain volume
4. Where is cerebrospinal fluid made, how is it circulated, and what is its
purpose in the CNS? - ANSWER The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed
by the choroid plexus and modified ependymal cells.
5. The functions of CSF:
- Protect the brain from striking the cranium (if trauma is severe a
concussion or TBI occurs)
- Gives buoyancy to brain to prevent brain from crushing under own
weight
- Transports nutrients like glucose, chemical messengers, and waste
6. Explain the role of arachnoid villi and arachnoid granulations on the
circulation of CFS - ANSWER - Arachnoid villi: act as one-way valves,
allowing CSF to exit the subarachnoid space and enter the venous
circulation.
, - Arachnoid granulations: serve as major sites for the absorption of CSF
into the bloodstream. They provide an interface between the CSF in
the subarachnoid space and the blood in the venous sinuses.
7. What causes hydrocephalus? - ANSWER If CSF becomes obstructed it can
cause a condition called hydrocephalus which is the enlargement of the head
in babies and brain damage in adults
8. Describe the pathophysiology of meningitis? - ANSWER Meningitis is the
inflammation of the meninges, and it's usually a disease of infancy and
childhood. It is a bacterial and viral invasion of the CNS and usually causes
respiratory system, throat, or ear infections. Symptoms include high fever,
stiff neck, drowsiness, headache, and may progress to death quickly. To
diagnose it you must examine the CSF but a lumbar puncture, a spinal tap.
9. What is the blood brain barrier and what are the structures involved? -
ANSWER Blood vessels (capillaries) that selectively let certain substances
enter the brain tissue and keep other substances out to help maintain a stable
environment for the brain
10.What are circumventricular organs (CVOs)? What are fenestrated
capillaries? Why do you find them at the CVOs? - ANSWER
Circumventricular organs (CVOs) are found surrounding the 3rd and 4th
ventricles and are breaks in the barrier where blood has direct access.
Fenestrated capillaries are found in the choroid plexus which allows for
more permeability.
11.Which portions of the brain make up the brain stem? - ANSWER The
brainstem consists of the midbrain, pons, and the medulla oblongata
,12.The midbrain is responsible for which functions? - ANSWER Coordinates
head and eye movement when we visually follow a moving object or see
something out of corner of eye, even when we are not conscious of it
Coordinates head reflex movement to unexpected auditory stimulus - startle
reflex
13.What is the major function of the pons? - ANSWER helps maintain normal
rhythm of breathing, and helps to modify the rate/pace & depth of breathing.
14.Which portion of the brain stem adjusts the force and rate of heartbeat,
vomiting, sneezing, etc? - ANSWER The medulla oblongata is the most
inferior part of the brain stem which regulates inhaling and exhaling. It
regulates heart rate, blood pressure, vomiting, hiccuping, swallowing,
gagging, sweating, coughing, and sneezing.
15.Which major region of the brain coordinates skeletal muscle contractions
needed for smooth, coordinated movements of our daily lives? - ANSWER
The cerebellum coordinates skeletal muscle contractions for the smooth, and
coordinates our movements of our daily lives. It does this by receiving input
from the proprioceptors and eyes to coordinate movement.
16.Explain the difference between a gyrus and a sulcus. - ANSWER The folds
in the brain are called gyri and the groves are called the sulci.
17.What is a fissure in the brain? - ANSWER Longitudinal fissure - divides
cerebral hemispheres
18.Explain the difference between nuclei and tracts in the brain. - ANSWER
Nuclei in the brain are in the deeper mass of gray matter while tracts are in
the white matter which are bundles of axons
, 19.Compare and contrast grey and white matter in the brain. - ANSWER Gray
matter forms the cortex over the cerebrum, cerebellum, and nuclei deep
within the brain and contains lots of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and
synapses.
20.White matter forms tracts that connect parts of the brain (myelinated axons)
21.What are the 3 layers of the meninges? - ANSWER 1. dura mater
2. arachnoid mater
3. pia mater
22.What is the dura mater? - ANSWER The first layer is the dura mater which
is the outermost layer. The dura mater is just inside the bone layer. The
epidural space is filled with fat in the low back and is where anesthesia is
given during childbirth. This is also where the the dural sinuses are located.
The dura mater also covers the spinal cord and is located in the subdural
space.
23.What is the arachnoid mater? - ANSWER This is the web-like middle layer
and fills the subarachnoid space. In a subdural hematoma, the blood seeps
between the dura and the arachnoid layers.
24.Where is the pia mater located? - ANSWER The pia mater is located
underneath the sub-arachnoid space. It is very thin, and tightly adhered to
the surface of the brain and spinal cord.
25.Label the locations of the following ventricles:
a. Lateral ventricle
b. Third Ventricle
