NURS 1250 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS
Hypertension is defined as - Answers - Systolic - greater than or equal to 130
Diastolic- greater than or equal to 80
Prehypertension is defined as - Answers - 120-129// <80
Hypertension stage one is - Answers - 130--89
Hypertension stage 2 - Answers - Greater than or equal to 140/ greater than it equal to
90
Hypertension is a major risk factor for - Answers - CHD, heart failure, stroke, renal
failure
Hypertension is known as - Answers - "The silent killer"
-usually does not develop overnight
What percentage of adults have hypertension - Answers - 29-31 percent
What percentage of older adults >65 have hypertension - Answers - 50
As obesity raises so does - Answers - HTN rates
Greatest use of prescription drugs comes from - Answers - HTN
How many visits to be diagnosed with hypertension - Answers - 3-6 visits persistent
elevation over several months
Factors that affect arterial circulation - Answers - -blood flow
-peripheral vascular resistance (PVR)
-blood pressure
-refereed to as mean arterial pressure (map)
What is MAP - Answers - CO x PVR
What is Blood fow - Answers - Volume of blood transported in vessel, in organ, or
throughout circulation over a given period
Blood flow requires sufficient - Answers - Volume and pressures within the system
Relatively high pressures on what side - Answers - Lower pressures on what side
,Blood pressure (BP) - Answers - -arterial BP creates by ejection of blood fro the heart
during systol and tension created by elastic arterial walls
-during diastole, arterial walls maintain minimum pressure
Arterial BP - Answers - -Raises as the heart contracts during systole
-felt as peripheral pulse, heard as korotkoff sounds
Average systolic and diastolic pressure in health adults - Answers - <120 / <80
CO is determined by - Answers - -blood volume
-ventricles ability to fill
-effectively pump blood
Peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) is determined by - Answers - -blood viscosity
-length of vessel
-diameter of vessel
Factors influencing arterial blood pressure - Answers - -sympathetic Nervous system
(SNS) stimulation
-Circulating epinephrine, norepinephrine
-renin angiotensin aldosterone system
-atrial natriuretic peptide
-adrenomedulla
-vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
-local factors
-other factors
Local factors - Answers - Inflammatory mediators, various metabolites promote
vasodilation
Other factors - Answers - Extent of arteriosclerosis (gardening of the arteries),
atherosclerosis (plaque accumulation)
Factors influencing arterial blood pressure - Answers - -blood flow
-PVR
-BP
Blood flow, PVR, and BP are influenced by - Answers - -sympathetic, parasympathetic
nervous systems
-baroreceptors, chemoreceptors in aortic arch, carotid sinus, and other large vessels
-kidneys
-temperatures
-dietary factors
-other factors that influence arterial pressure
,Other factors that influence arterial pressure - Answers - -race, gender, age, weight
- time of day
-position
- exercise
- emotional state
Primary hypertension - Answers - -persistently elevted systemic BP
-develops through interaction amount factors that regulate CO and SVR
-result of interaction: sustained increase in blood volume, PVR
-cardiovascular system reacts by increasing CO
factors that regulate CO and SVR - Answers - -excess SNS stimulation of alpha-, beta-
adrenergic receptors
-altered function of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
-interaction between insulin resistance, hyperinsulemia, endothelial function
cardiovascular system reacts by increasing CO - Answers - Autoregulatory mechanisms
react, causing hypertension
is hypertension a single pathologic process with single cause - Answers - -no
-Group of pathophysiologic mechanisms → common manifestation of elevated BP
Secondary hypertension - Answers - Elevated blood pressure from identified underlying
cause
Elevated blood pressure from identified underlying cause could be - Answers - -Kidney
disease
-Coarctation of aorta
-Endocrine disorders
-Neurologic disorders
-Drug use
-Pregnancy
-Hypothyroidism
-Obstructive sleep apnea
Hypertensive emergency - Answers - -BP > 180 mmHg systolic, 120 mmHg diastolic
-Also called malignant hypertension, hypertensive crisis -Treatment within 1 hour is vital
to prevent cardiac, renal, vascular damage
-Cerebral edema may result from cerebral artery spasms
what is the goal of Hypertensive emergencies - Answers - Decrease BP gradually...
decrease mean arterial pressure (MAP) by 25% over a 24 hour period or <160/100 over
several days
etiology of hypertension - Answers - -Primarily in middle-age, older adults
-Higher prevalence in Black patients than White, Hispanic patients
, -More White men than women
-More Black and Hispanic women than men
-Native Americans, Alaska Natives at high risk
-All income groups
risk factors of hypertension - Answers - -Family history
-Age
-Race (African-Americans 2x more at risk)
-Mineral intake
-Obesity
-Insulin resistance
-Excess alcohol consumption
-Stress
-Physical inactivity
-Vitamin D deficiency
-Depression
prevention of hypertension - Answers - -Healthy lifestyle choices, habits can prevent
high BP, reverse prehypertension, help control existing hypertension, prevent
complications and long-term problems of hypertension
*Maintain healthy weight, diet
*Regular physical activity
*Stress management
*Follow medication regimens
*Avoid baths that are too hot
-Patients with prehypertension should take steps to avoid progressing to high BP
-Patients with high BP
*Regular medical care
*Follow prescribed treatment plan
early stages of hypertension symptoms - Answers - -typically asymptomatic: Marked
only by elevated BP and Initially transient, eventually become permanent -Vague
symptoms: Headache on awakening, Nocturia, Confusion, Nausea, vomiting, Visual
disturbances, retinal changes
hypertension side effects - Answers - Sustained hypertension increases risk for
coronary heart disease, stroke
-Cardiovascular system effects
-Neurologic system effects
-Renal system effects
Cardiovascular system effects - Answers - -Rate of atherosclerosis accelerates
-Workload of left ventricle increases, leading to hypertrophy
-Diastolic BP significant cardiovascular risk factor until age 50
-Systolic BP becomes more important risk factor after age 50
ANSWERS
Hypertension is defined as - Answers - Systolic - greater than or equal to 130
Diastolic- greater than or equal to 80
Prehypertension is defined as - Answers - 120-129// <80
Hypertension stage one is - Answers - 130--89
Hypertension stage 2 - Answers - Greater than or equal to 140/ greater than it equal to
90
Hypertension is a major risk factor for - Answers - CHD, heart failure, stroke, renal
failure
Hypertension is known as - Answers - "The silent killer"
-usually does not develop overnight
What percentage of adults have hypertension - Answers - 29-31 percent
What percentage of older adults >65 have hypertension - Answers - 50
As obesity raises so does - Answers - HTN rates
Greatest use of prescription drugs comes from - Answers - HTN
How many visits to be diagnosed with hypertension - Answers - 3-6 visits persistent
elevation over several months
Factors that affect arterial circulation - Answers - -blood flow
-peripheral vascular resistance (PVR)
-blood pressure
-refereed to as mean arterial pressure (map)
What is MAP - Answers - CO x PVR
What is Blood fow - Answers - Volume of blood transported in vessel, in organ, or
throughout circulation over a given period
Blood flow requires sufficient - Answers - Volume and pressures within the system
Relatively high pressures on what side - Answers - Lower pressures on what side
,Blood pressure (BP) - Answers - -arterial BP creates by ejection of blood fro the heart
during systol and tension created by elastic arterial walls
-during diastole, arterial walls maintain minimum pressure
Arterial BP - Answers - -Raises as the heart contracts during systole
-felt as peripheral pulse, heard as korotkoff sounds
Average systolic and diastolic pressure in health adults - Answers - <120 / <80
CO is determined by - Answers - -blood volume
-ventricles ability to fill
-effectively pump blood
Peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) is determined by - Answers - -blood viscosity
-length of vessel
-diameter of vessel
Factors influencing arterial blood pressure - Answers - -sympathetic Nervous system
(SNS) stimulation
-Circulating epinephrine, norepinephrine
-renin angiotensin aldosterone system
-atrial natriuretic peptide
-adrenomedulla
-vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
-local factors
-other factors
Local factors - Answers - Inflammatory mediators, various metabolites promote
vasodilation
Other factors - Answers - Extent of arteriosclerosis (gardening of the arteries),
atherosclerosis (plaque accumulation)
Factors influencing arterial blood pressure - Answers - -blood flow
-PVR
-BP
Blood flow, PVR, and BP are influenced by - Answers - -sympathetic, parasympathetic
nervous systems
-baroreceptors, chemoreceptors in aortic arch, carotid sinus, and other large vessels
-kidneys
-temperatures
-dietary factors
-other factors that influence arterial pressure
,Other factors that influence arterial pressure - Answers - -race, gender, age, weight
- time of day
-position
- exercise
- emotional state
Primary hypertension - Answers - -persistently elevted systemic BP
-develops through interaction amount factors that regulate CO and SVR
-result of interaction: sustained increase in blood volume, PVR
-cardiovascular system reacts by increasing CO
factors that regulate CO and SVR - Answers - -excess SNS stimulation of alpha-, beta-
adrenergic receptors
-altered function of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
-interaction between insulin resistance, hyperinsulemia, endothelial function
cardiovascular system reacts by increasing CO - Answers - Autoregulatory mechanisms
react, causing hypertension
is hypertension a single pathologic process with single cause - Answers - -no
-Group of pathophysiologic mechanisms → common manifestation of elevated BP
Secondary hypertension - Answers - Elevated blood pressure from identified underlying
cause
Elevated blood pressure from identified underlying cause could be - Answers - -Kidney
disease
-Coarctation of aorta
-Endocrine disorders
-Neurologic disorders
-Drug use
-Pregnancy
-Hypothyroidism
-Obstructive sleep apnea
Hypertensive emergency - Answers - -BP > 180 mmHg systolic, 120 mmHg diastolic
-Also called malignant hypertension, hypertensive crisis -Treatment within 1 hour is vital
to prevent cardiac, renal, vascular damage
-Cerebral edema may result from cerebral artery spasms
what is the goal of Hypertensive emergencies - Answers - Decrease BP gradually...
decrease mean arterial pressure (MAP) by 25% over a 24 hour period or <160/100 over
several days
etiology of hypertension - Answers - -Primarily in middle-age, older adults
-Higher prevalence in Black patients than White, Hispanic patients
, -More White men than women
-More Black and Hispanic women than men
-Native Americans, Alaska Natives at high risk
-All income groups
risk factors of hypertension - Answers - -Family history
-Age
-Race (African-Americans 2x more at risk)
-Mineral intake
-Obesity
-Insulin resistance
-Excess alcohol consumption
-Stress
-Physical inactivity
-Vitamin D deficiency
-Depression
prevention of hypertension - Answers - -Healthy lifestyle choices, habits can prevent
high BP, reverse prehypertension, help control existing hypertension, prevent
complications and long-term problems of hypertension
*Maintain healthy weight, diet
*Regular physical activity
*Stress management
*Follow medication regimens
*Avoid baths that are too hot
-Patients with prehypertension should take steps to avoid progressing to high BP
-Patients with high BP
*Regular medical care
*Follow prescribed treatment plan
early stages of hypertension symptoms - Answers - -typically asymptomatic: Marked
only by elevated BP and Initially transient, eventually become permanent -Vague
symptoms: Headache on awakening, Nocturia, Confusion, Nausea, vomiting, Visual
disturbances, retinal changes
hypertension side effects - Answers - Sustained hypertension increases risk for
coronary heart disease, stroke
-Cardiovascular system effects
-Neurologic system effects
-Renal system effects
Cardiovascular system effects - Answers - -Rate of atherosclerosis accelerates
-Workload of left ventricle increases, leading to hypertrophy
-Diastolic BP significant cardiovascular risk factor until age 50
-Systolic BP becomes more important risk factor after age 50
