PSYCHOLOGY 2301 CORE EXAMS SET 2026/2027
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Extinction - ✔✔>The diminishing of a conditioned response
>occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a
conditioned stimulus (CS)
>occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.
✔✔Spontaneous Recovery - ✔✔Recurrence of an extinguished conditioned response,
usually following a rest period.
✔✔Generalization - ✔✔The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for
stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.
✔✔Operant Conditioning - ✔✔A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if
followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
>B.F. Skinner
✔✔Positive Reinforcement - ✔✔When the frequency of a behavior increases because it
is followed by a desirable stimulus.
✔✔Negative Reinfrocement - ✔✔When the frequency of a behavior increases because
it is followed by the removal of something undesirable.
✔✔Punishment - ✔✔A consequence that decreases the probability that a behavior will
occur.
✔✔Shaping - ✔✔The reinforcement of closer approximations to create a desired
response.
>Reward system
✔✔Behavior modification - ✔✔>The use of operant conditioning principals to change
human behavior.
>"Applied behavior analysis"
✔✔Three processes of Memory - ✔✔Encoding, storage, and retrieval.
✔✔Sensory Memory - ✔✔Memory that holds information in sensory form for only an
instant.
✔✔Short-Term Memory - ✔✔A limited capacity system that can hold 7-10 items for as
long as 30 seconds.
>Passive memory
, ✔✔Working Memory - ✔✔A combination of short-term memory and attention that allows
us to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks.
>Active memory
✔✔Long-Term Memory - ✔✔The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the
memory system; includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
✔✔Declarative/Explicit Memory - ✔✔The conscious recollection of memory.
>LTM
✔✔Non-Declarative/Implicit - ✔✔Memory that is subconsciously affected by experience.
>Procedural memory
>"im-" = non
>LTM
✔✔Semantic memory - ✔✔A subdivision of declarative memory that stores general
knowledge of the world, including the meanings of words and concepts.
✔✔Episodic memory - ✔✔A category of long-term memory that involves the recollection
of specific events, situations, and daily experiences.
✔✔Mnemonic device - ✔✔Techniques for using associations to memorize and retrieve
information.
✔✔Overlearning - ✔✔Continued rehearsal of material after one first appears to have
mastered it.
✔✔Recall Test - ✔✔A measure of explicit memory that involves retrieving information
that has been previously learned.
>Essay questions
✔✔Recognition Test - ✔✔Many cues
>multiple choice test
✔✔Motivated Frogetting - ✔✔When memories are actively repressed and buried in the
subconscious.
>Freud
>Defence mechanism
✔✔Reconstructive Memory - ✔✔The process whereby memories of an event become
distorted by information encountered after the event occurred.
✔✔Schemas - ✔✔Conceptual frameworks a person uses to make sense of the world.
>Piaget
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Extinction - ✔✔>The diminishing of a conditioned response
>occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a
conditioned stimulus (CS)
>occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.
✔✔Spontaneous Recovery - ✔✔Recurrence of an extinguished conditioned response,
usually following a rest period.
✔✔Generalization - ✔✔The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for
stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.
✔✔Operant Conditioning - ✔✔A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if
followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
>B.F. Skinner
✔✔Positive Reinforcement - ✔✔When the frequency of a behavior increases because it
is followed by a desirable stimulus.
✔✔Negative Reinfrocement - ✔✔When the frequency of a behavior increases because
it is followed by the removal of something undesirable.
✔✔Punishment - ✔✔A consequence that decreases the probability that a behavior will
occur.
✔✔Shaping - ✔✔The reinforcement of closer approximations to create a desired
response.
>Reward system
✔✔Behavior modification - ✔✔>The use of operant conditioning principals to change
human behavior.
>"Applied behavior analysis"
✔✔Three processes of Memory - ✔✔Encoding, storage, and retrieval.
✔✔Sensory Memory - ✔✔Memory that holds information in sensory form for only an
instant.
✔✔Short-Term Memory - ✔✔A limited capacity system that can hold 7-10 items for as
long as 30 seconds.
>Passive memory
, ✔✔Working Memory - ✔✔A combination of short-term memory and attention that allows
us to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks.
>Active memory
✔✔Long-Term Memory - ✔✔The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the
memory system; includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
✔✔Declarative/Explicit Memory - ✔✔The conscious recollection of memory.
>LTM
✔✔Non-Declarative/Implicit - ✔✔Memory that is subconsciously affected by experience.
>Procedural memory
>"im-" = non
>LTM
✔✔Semantic memory - ✔✔A subdivision of declarative memory that stores general
knowledge of the world, including the meanings of words and concepts.
✔✔Episodic memory - ✔✔A category of long-term memory that involves the recollection
of specific events, situations, and daily experiences.
✔✔Mnemonic device - ✔✔Techniques for using associations to memorize and retrieve
information.
✔✔Overlearning - ✔✔Continued rehearsal of material after one first appears to have
mastered it.
✔✔Recall Test - ✔✔A measure of explicit memory that involves retrieving information
that has been previously learned.
>Essay questions
✔✔Recognition Test - ✔✔Many cues
>multiple choice test
✔✔Motivated Frogetting - ✔✔When memories are actively repressed and buried in the
subconscious.
>Freud
>Defence mechanism
✔✔Reconstructive Memory - ✔✔The process whereby memories of an event become
distorted by information encountered after the event occurred.
✔✔Schemas - ✔✔Conceptual frameworks a person uses to make sense of the world.
>Piaget
