EXPH 240 LATEST EXAM TEST 2026/2027 QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔eosinophil - ✔✔a granular leukocyte, named for the rose-colored stain of its
granules, that increases in allergic and some infectious reactions
✔✔basophil - ✔✔a granular leukocyte, named for the dark stain of its granules, that
brings anticoagulant substances to inflamed tissues
✔✔agranulocytes - ✔✔a group of leukocytes without granules in their nuclei
✔✔lymphocyte - ✔✔an agranulocytic leukocyte that is active in the process of immunity;
the three categories of lymphocytes are T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells
✔✔t cells - ✔✔thymus-dependent
✔✔b cells - ✔✔bone marrow-derived
✔✔monocyte - ✔✔an agranulocytic leukocyte that performs phagocytosis to fight
infection
✔✔platelets - ✔✔thrombocytes; cell fragments in the blood that are essential for blood
clotting
✔✔thymus - ✔✔primary gland of the lymphatic system, located within the mediastinum,
that helps to maintain the body's immune response by producing T lymphocytes
✔✔spleen - ✔✔organ between the stomach and the diaphragm that filters out aging
blood cells, removes cellular debris by performing phagocytosis, and provides an
environment for lymphocytes to initiate immune repsonses
✔✔lymph - ✔✔fluid that is circulated through the lymph vessels
✔✔lymph capillaries - ✔✔microscopic vessels that draw lymph from tissues to the
lymph vessels
✔✔lymph vessels - ✔✔vessels that receive lymph from the lymph capillaries and
circulate it to the lymph nodes
✔✔lacteals - ✔✔specialized lymph vessels in the small intestine that absorb fat into the
bloodstream
✔✔chyle - ✔✔white or pale yellow substance in lymph that contains fatty substances
absorbed by the lacteals
,✔✔lymph nodes - ✔✔many small, oval structures that filter lymph from the lymph
vessels; major locations include the cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions
✔✔lymph ducts - ✔✔collecting channels that carry lymph from the lymph nodes to the
veins
✔✔right lymphatic duct - ✔✔receives lymph from the right upper part of the body
✔✔thoracic duct - ✔✔receives lymph from the left side of the had, neck, chest,
abdomen, left arm, and lower extremities
✔✔immunity - ✔✔process of disease protection induced by exposure to an antigen
✔✔antigen - ✔✔a substance that, when introduced into the body, causes the formation
of antibodies against it
✔✔antibody - ✔✔a substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates an
antigen that has entered the body
✔✔active immunity - ✔✔a long-lasting immunity that results from stimulating the body to
produce its own antibodies; developed either naturally, in response to an infection, or
artificially, in response to the administration of a vaccine
✔✔passive immunity - ✔✔a short-lasting immunity that results from foreign antibodies
that are conveyed either naturally, through the placenta to a fetus, or artificially, by
injection of a serum containing antibodies
✔✔microcytosis - ✔✔presence of small red blood cells
✔✔macrocytosis - ✔✔presence of large red blood cells
✔✔anisocytosis - ✔✔presence of red blood cells of unequal size
✔✔poikilocytosis - ✔✔presence of large, irregularly shaped red blood cells
✔✔reticulocytosis - ✔✔an increased number of immature erythrocytes in the blood
✔✔erythropenia - ✔✔an abnormally reduced number of red blood cells
✔✔lymphocytopenia - ✔✔an abnormally reduced number of lymphocytes
✔✔neutropenia - ✔✔a decreased number of neutrophils
, ✔✔pancytopenia - ✔✔an abnormally reduced number of all cellular components in the
blood
✔✔thrombocytopenia - ✔✔an abnormally decreased number of platelets in the blood,
impairing the clotting process
✔✔hemolysis - ✔✔breakdown of the red blood cell membrane
✔✔immunocompromised - ✔✔impaired immunological defenses caused by an
immunodeficiency disorder or by therapy with immunosuppresive agents
✔✔immunosuppresion - ✔✔impaired ability to provide an immune response
✔✔lymphadenopathy - ✔✔enlarged (diseased) lymph nodes
✔✔splenomegaly - ✔✔enlargement of the spleen
✔✔acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) - ✔✔a syndrome caused by the
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that renders immune cells ineffective, permitting
opportunistic infections, malignancies, and neurologic diseases to develop; transmitted
sexually or through contaminated blood
✔✔anemia - ✔✔a condition of reduced numbers of red blood cells, hemoglobin, or
packed red cells in the blood, resulting in a diminished ability of red blood cells to
transport oxygen to the tissues
✔✔aplastic anemia - ✔✔a normocytic-normochromic type of anemia characterized by
the failure of bone marrow to produce red blood cells
✔✔iron deficiency anemia - ✔✔a microcytic-hypochromic type of anemia characterized
by a lack of iron that affects the production of hemoglobin and is characterized by small
red blood cells containing low amounts of hemoglobin
✔✔pernicious anemia - ✔✔a macrocytic-normochromic type of anemia characterized by
an inadequate supply of vitamin B 12, causing red blood cells to become large, varied in
shape, and reduced in number
✔✔autoimmune diesease - ✔✔any disorder characterized by abnormal function of the
immune system that causes the body to produce antibodies against itself, resulting in
tissue destruction or loss of function; rheumatoid arthritis and lupus are examples of this
✔✔erythroblastosis fetalis - ✔✔a disorder that results from the incompatibility of a fetus
with Rh-positive blood and a mother with Rh-negative blood, causing red blood cell
destruction in the fetus; a blood transfusion is necessary to save the fetus
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔eosinophil - ✔✔a granular leukocyte, named for the rose-colored stain of its
granules, that increases in allergic and some infectious reactions
✔✔basophil - ✔✔a granular leukocyte, named for the dark stain of its granules, that
brings anticoagulant substances to inflamed tissues
✔✔agranulocytes - ✔✔a group of leukocytes without granules in their nuclei
✔✔lymphocyte - ✔✔an agranulocytic leukocyte that is active in the process of immunity;
the three categories of lymphocytes are T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells
✔✔t cells - ✔✔thymus-dependent
✔✔b cells - ✔✔bone marrow-derived
✔✔monocyte - ✔✔an agranulocytic leukocyte that performs phagocytosis to fight
infection
✔✔platelets - ✔✔thrombocytes; cell fragments in the blood that are essential for blood
clotting
✔✔thymus - ✔✔primary gland of the lymphatic system, located within the mediastinum,
that helps to maintain the body's immune response by producing T lymphocytes
✔✔spleen - ✔✔organ between the stomach and the diaphragm that filters out aging
blood cells, removes cellular debris by performing phagocytosis, and provides an
environment for lymphocytes to initiate immune repsonses
✔✔lymph - ✔✔fluid that is circulated through the lymph vessels
✔✔lymph capillaries - ✔✔microscopic vessels that draw lymph from tissues to the
lymph vessels
✔✔lymph vessels - ✔✔vessels that receive lymph from the lymph capillaries and
circulate it to the lymph nodes
✔✔lacteals - ✔✔specialized lymph vessels in the small intestine that absorb fat into the
bloodstream
✔✔chyle - ✔✔white or pale yellow substance in lymph that contains fatty substances
absorbed by the lacteals
,✔✔lymph nodes - ✔✔many small, oval structures that filter lymph from the lymph
vessels; major locations include the cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions
✔✔lymph ducts - ✔✔collecting channels that carry lymph from the lymph nodes to the
veins
✔✔right lymphatic duct - ✔✔receives lymph from the right upper part of the body
✔✔thoracic duct - ✔✔receives lymph from the left side of the had, neck, chest,
abdomen, left arm, and lower extremities
✔✔immunity - ✔✔process of disease protection induced by exposure to an antigen
✔✔antigen - ✔✔a substance that, when introduced into the body, causes the formation
of antibodies against it
✔✔antibody - ✔✔a substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates an
antigen that has entered the body
✔✔active immunity - ✔✔a long-lasting immunity that results from stimulating the body to
produce its own antibodies; developed either naturally, in response to an infection, or
artificially, in response to the administration of a vaccine
✔✔passive immunity - ✔✔a short-lasting immunity that results from foreign antibodies
that are conveyed either naturally, through the placenta to a fetus, or artificially, by
injection of a serum containing antibodies
✔✔microcytosis - ✔✔presence of small red blood cells
✔✔macrocytosis - ✔✔presence of large red blood cells
✔✔anisocytosis - ✔✔presence of red blood cells of unequal size
✔✔poikilocytosis - ✔✔presence of large, irregularly shaped red blood cells
✔✔reticulocytosis - ✔✔an increased number of immature erythrocytes in the blood
✔✔erythropenia - ✔✔an abnormally reduced number of red blood cells
✔✔lymphocytopenia - ✔✔an abnormally reduced number of lymphocytes
✔✔neutropenia - ✔✔a decreased number of neutrophils
, ✔✔pancytopenia - ✔✔an abnormally reduced number of all cellular components in the
blood
✔✔thrombocytopenia - ✔✔an abnormally decreased number of platelets in the blood,
impairing the clotting process
✔✔hemolysis - ✔✔breakdown of the red blood cell membrane
✔✔immunocompromised - ✔✔impaired immunological defenses caused by an
immunodeficiency disorder or by therapy with immunosuppresive agents
✔✔immunosuppresion - ✔✔impaired ability to provide an immune response
✔✔lymphadenopathy - ✔✔enlarged (diseased) lymph nodes
✔✔splenomegaly - ✔✔enlargement of the spleen
✔✔acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) - ✔✔a syndrome caused by the
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that renders immune cells ineffective, permitting
opportunistic infections, malignancies, and neurologic diseases to develop; transmitted
sexually or through contaminated blood
✔✔anemia - ✔✔a condition of reduced numbers of red blood cells, hemoglobin, or
packed red cells in the blood, resulting in a diminished ability of red blood cells to
transport oxygen to the tissues
✔✔aplastic anemia - ✔✔a normocytic-normochromic type of anemia characterized by
the failure of bone marrow to produce red blood cells
✔✔iron deficiency anemia - ✔✔a microcytic-hypochromic type of anemia characterized
by a lack of iron that affects the production of hemoglobin and is characterized by small
red blood cells containing low amounts of hemoglobin
✔✔pernicious anemia - ✔✔a macrocytic-normochromic type of anemia characterized by
an inadequate supply of vitamin B 12, causing red blood cells to become large, varied in
shape, and reduced in number
✔✔autoimmune diesease - ✔✔any disorder characterized by abnormal function of the
immune system that causes the body to produce antibodies against itself, resulting in
tissue destruction or loss of function; rheumatoid arthritis and lupus are examples of this
✔✔erythroblastosis fetalis - ✔✔a disorder that results from the incompatibility of a fetus
with Rh-positive blood and a mother with Rh-negative blood, causing red blood cell
destruction in the fetus; a blood transfusion is necessary to save the fetus
