EXPH 240 STUDY GUIDE EXAM 2026/2027 QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) - ✔✔a syndrome caused by the
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that renders immune cells ineffective, permitting
opportunistic infections, malignancies, and neurologic diseases to develop; transmitted
sexually or through contaminated blood
✔✔anemia - ✔✔a condition of reduced numbers of red blood cells, hemoglobin, or
packed red cells in the blood, resulting in a diminished ability of red blood cells to
transport oxygen to the tissues
✔✔aplastic anemia - ✔✔a normocytic-normochromic type of anemia characterized by
the failure of bone marrow to produce red blood cells
✔✔iron deficiency anemia - ✔✔a microcytic-hypochromic type of anemia characterized
by a lack of iron that affects the production of hemoglobin and is characterized by small
red blood cells containing low amounts of hemoglobin
✔✔pernicious anemia - ✔✔a macrocytic-normochromic type of anemia characterized by
an inadequate supply of vitamin B 12, causing red blood cells to become large, varied in
shape, and reduced in number
✔✔autoimmune diesease - ✔✔any disorder characterized by abnormal function of the
immune system that causes the body to produce antibodies against itself, resulting in
tissue destruction or loss of function; rheumatoid arthritis and lupus are examples of this
✔✔erythroblastosis fetalis - ✔✔a disorder that results from the incompatibility of a fetus
with Rh-positive blood and a mother with Rh-negative blood, causing red blood cell
destruction in the fetus; a blood transfusion is necessary to save the fetus
✔✔Rh factor - ✔✔presence or lack of antigens on the surface of red blood cells, which
causes a reaction between Rh-positive blood and Rh-negative blood
✔✔Rh positive - ✔✔presence of antigens
✔✔Rh negative - ✔✔absences of antigens
✔✔hemochromatosis - ✔✔hereditary disorder with an excessive buildup of iron deposits
in the body
✔✔hemopihlia - ✔✔a group of hereditary bleeding disorders caused by a defect in
clotting factors necessary for the coagulation of blood
,✔✔leukemia - ✔✔chronic or acute malignant disease of the blood-forming organs,
characterized by abnormal leukocytes in the blood and bone marrow
✔✔myelodysplasia - ✔✔disorder within the bone marrow characterized by a
proliferation of abnormal stem cells; usually develops into a specific type of leukemia
✔✔abnormal stem cells - ✔✔cells that give rise to different types of blood cells
✔✔lymphoma - ✔✔any neoplastic disorder of lymph tissue, usually malignant, as in
Hodgkin disease
✔✔metastasis - ✔✔process by which cancer cells are spread by blood or lymph
circulation to a distant organ; the plural form, metastases, indicates spreading to two or
more distant sites
✔✔mononucleosis - ✔✔condition caused by the Epstein-Barr virus and characterized
by an increase in mononuclear cells in the blood along with enlarged lymph nodes,
fatigue, and sore throat
✔✔polycythemia - ✔✔increased number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the blood
✔✔septicemia - ✔✔systemic disease caused by infection with microorganisms and their
toxins in circulating blood
✔✔phlebotomy
venipuncture - ✔✔incision into or puncture of a vein to withdraw blood for testing
✔✔blood chemistry - ✔✔test of the fluid portion of blood to measure the amount of its
chemical constiuents
✔✔blood chemistry panels - ✔✔specialized batteries of automated blood chemistry
tests performed on a single sample of blood; used as a general screen for disease or to
target specific organs or conditions
✔✔basic metabolic panel (BMP) - ✔✔battery of tests used as a general screen for
disease; includes tests for calcium, carbon dioxide, chloride, creatinine, glucose,
potassium, sodium, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
✔✔comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) - ✔✔tests performed in addition to the basic
panel for expanded screening; albumin, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, protein,
aminotransferase (AST)
✔✔blood culture - ✔✔test to determine if infection is present in the bloodstream by
isolating a specimen of blood in an environment that encourages the growth of
, microorganisms; the specimen is observed, and the organisms that grow in the culture
are identified
✔✔CD4 cell count - ✔✔a measure of the number of CD4 cells in the blood; used in
monitoring the course of HIV and in timing the treatment of AIDS; the normal adult
range is 600-1500 cells in a given volume of blood
✔✔erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) - ✔✔timed test that measures the rate at
which red blood cells settle through a volume of plasma
✔✔partial thromboplastin time (PTT) - ✔✔test to determine coagulation detects, such as
platelet disorders
✔✔thromboplastin - ✔✔substance present in tissues, platelets, and leukocytes that is
necessary for coagulation
✔✔prothrombin time (PT) - ✔✔test to measure activity of prothrombin in the blood
✔✔prothrombin - ✔✔protein substance in the blood that is essential to the clotting
process
✔✔complete blood count (CBC) - ✔✔a common laboratory blood test performed as a
screen of general health or for diagnostic purposes and typically includes the
component tests that follow; test results are usually reported along with normal values
so that the clinician can interpret the results based on the instrumentation used by the
laboratory; normal ranges also may vary depending on the region and climate
✔✔white blood count (WBC) - ✔✔a count of the number of white blood cells in a given
volume of blood obtained via manual or automated laboratory methods
✔✔red blood count (RBC) - ✔✔a count of the number of red blood cells in a given
volume of blood obtained via manual or automated laboratory methods
✔✔hemoglobin (HGB or Hgb) - ✔✔a test to determine the blood level of hemoglobin
(expressed in grams)
✔✔hematocrit (HCT or Hct) - ✔✔a measurement of the percentage of packed red blood
cells in a given volume of blood
✔✔blood indices - ✔✔calculations of RBC, HGB, and HCT results to determine the
average size, hemoglobin concentration, and content of red blood cells to classify an
anemia
✔✔corpuscular - ✔✔pertains to a blood cell
AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) - ✔✔a syndrome caused by the
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that renders immune cells ineffective, permitting
opportunistic infections, malignancies, and neurologic diseases to develop; transmitted
sexually or through contaminated blood
✔✔anemia - ✔✔a condition of reduced numbers of red blood cells, hemoglobin, or
packed red cells in the blood, resulting in a diminished ability of red blood cells to
transport oxygen to the tissues
✔✔aplastic anemia - ✔✔a normocytic-normochromic type of anemia characterized by
the failure of bone marrow to produce red blood cells
✔✔iron deficiency anemia - ✔✔a microcytic-hypochromic type of anemia characterized
by a lack of iron that affects the production of hemoglobin and is characterized by small
red blood cells containing low amounts of hemoglobin
✔✔pernicious anemia - ✔✔a macrocytic-normochromic type of anemia characterized by
an inadequate supply of vitamin B 12, causing red blood cells to become large, varied in
shape, and reduced in number
✔✔autoimmune diesease - ✔✔any disorder characterized by abnormal function of the
immune system that causes the body to produce antibodies against itself, resulting in
tissue destruction or loss of function; rheumatoid arthritis and lupus are examples of this
✔✔erythroblastosis fetalis - ✔✔a disorder that results from the incompatibility of a fetus
with Rh-positive blood and a mother with Rh-negative blood, causing red blood cell
destruction in the fetus; a blood transfusion is necessary to save the fetus
✔✔Rh factor - ✔✔presence or lack of antigens on the surface of red blood cells, which
causes a reaction between Rh-positive blood and Rh-negative blood
✔✔Rh positive - ✔✔presence of antigens
✔✔Rh negative - ✔✔absences of antigens
✔✔hemochromatosis - ✔✔hereditary disorder with an excessive buildup of iron deposits
in the body
✔✔hemopihlia - ✔✔a group of hereditary bleeding disorders caused by a defect in
clotting factors necessary for the coagulation of blood
,✔✔leukemia - ✔✔chronic or acute malignant disease of the blood-forming organs,
characterized by abnormal leukocytes in the blood and bone marrow
✔✔myelodysplasia - ✔✔disorder within the bone marrow characterized by a
proliferation of abnormal stem cells; usually develops into a specific type of leukemia
✔✔abnormal stem cells - ✔✔cells that give rise to different types of blood cells
✔✔lymphoma - ✔✔any neoplastic disorder of lymph tissue, usually malignant, as in
Hodgkin disease
✔✔metastasis - ✔✔process by which cancer cells are spread by blood or lymph
circulation to a distant organ; the plural form, metastases, indicates spreading to two or
more distant sites
✔✔mononucleosis - ✔✔condition caused by the Epstein-Barr virus and characterized
by an increase in mononuclear cells in the blood along with enlarged lymph nodes,
fatigue, and sore throat
✔✔polycythemia - ✔✔increased number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the blood
✔✔septicemia - ✔✔systemic disease caused by infection with microorganisms and their
toxins in circulating blood
✔✔phlebotomy
venipuncture - ✔✔incision into or puncture of a vein to withdraw blood for testing
✔✔blood chemistry - ✔✔test of the fluid portion of blood to measure the amount of its
chemical constiuents
✔✔blood chemistry panels - ✔✔specialized batteries of automated blood chemistry
tests performed on a single sample of blood; used as a general screen for disease or to
target specific organs or conditions
✔✔basic metabolic panel (BMP) - ✔✔battery of tests used as a general screen for
disease; includes tests for calcium, carbon dioxide, chloride, creatinine, glucose,
potassium, sodium, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
✔✔comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) - ✔✔tests performed in addition to the basic
panel for expanded screening; albumin, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, protein,
aminotransferase (AST)
✔✔blood culture - ✔✔test to determine if infection is present in the bloodstream by
isolating a specimen of blood in an environment that encourages the growth of
, microorganisms; the specimen is observed, and the organisms that grow in the culture
are identified
✔✔CD4 cell count - ✔✔a measure of the number of CD4 cells in the blood; used in
monitoring the course of HIV and in timing the treatment of AIDS; the normal adult
range is 600-1500 cells in a given volume of blood
✔✔erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) - ✔✔timed test that measures the rate at
which red blood cells settle through a volume of plasma
✔✔partial thromboplastin time (PTT) - ✔✔test to determine coagulation detects, such as
platelet disorders
✔✔thromboplastin - ✔✔substance present in tissues, platelets, and leukocytes that is
necessary for coagulation
✔✔prothrombin time (PT) - ✔✔test to measure activity of prothrombin in the blood
✔✔prothrombin - ✔✔protein substance in the blood that is essential to the clotting
process
✔✔complete blood count (CBC) - ✔✔a common laboratory blood test performed as a
screen of general health or for diagnostic purposes and typically includes the
component tests that follow; test results are usually reported along with normal values
so that the clinician can interpret the results based on the instrumentation used by the
laboratory; normal ranges also may vary depending on the region and climate
✔✔white blood count (WBC) - ✔✔a count of the number of white blood cells in a given
volume of blood obtained via manual or automated laboratory methods
✔✔red blood count (RBC) - ✔✔a count of the number of red blood cells in a given
volume of blood obtained via manual or automated laboratory methods
✔✔hemoglobin (HGB or Hgb) - ✔✔a test to determine the blood level of hemoglobin
(expressed in grams)
✔✔hematocrit (HCT or Hct) - ✔✔a measurement of the percentage of packed red blood
cells in a given volume of blood
✔✔blood indices - ✔✔calculations of RBC, HGB, and HCT results to determine the
average size, hemoglobin concentration, and content of red blood cells to classify an
anemia
✔✔corpuscular - ✔✔pertains to a blood cell
