EDUC 181 LATEST EXAM SET 2026/2027 QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Classical Conditioning - ✔✔Pavlov; learning which occurs through association, such
as two stimuli being linked which causes a learned response to develop within the
person exposed to such stimuli
✔✔Operant Conditioning - ✔✔BF Skinner; Which consequence (positive vs. negative)
determine whether that behavior will be repeated... behavior is determined by its
consequences
✔✔Positive reinforcement - ✔✔A reward given when a desired behavior/task occurs
✔✔Negative punishment - ✔✔A punishment applied when a undesired behavior/task
occurs
✔✔Social Learning theory - ✔✔Bandura;Learning occurs through direct experiences,
verbal communication, and modelling from others. Individuals internalize collected
information as to which behaviors are desired. Individuals construct their own beliefs
rather than mimicking models or anticipating rewards/punishments
✔✔family of orientation - ✔✔the family one is born into
✔✔extended family - ✔✔family that extends beyond the nuclear family
✔✔family of procreation - ✔✔family created via marriage, adoption, close relations etc.
✔✔Responsive parenting - ✔✔Parents are aware of their child's emotional and physical
needs AND respond appropriately to these needs
✔✔Parental Caregiving - ✔✔attachment to mother/parents, norm for many years before
women entered workforce
✔✔Nonparental Caregiving - ✔✔"less emotional support" from maternal care, how
society can provide parents with resources which will allow them to afford high quality
childcare that will help children optimally develop
✔✔What is object permanence? - ✔✔Object permanence refers to the ability to
understand that although an object may have left the field of vision, it still exists
✔✔gross motor skills - ✔✔sitting, standing, walking, running, jumping
✔✔fine motor skills - ✔✔grasping, waving, using utensils, buildings with blocks, writing
, ✔✔structural factors - ✔✔education of caregivers, books/toys available, teacher-student
ratio, nutrition of food etc.
✔✔Process factors - ✔✔quality of interactions between caregivers and students, should
be warm + attentive
✔✔Indicators of physical health in a newborn - ✔✔Height and weight
✔✔Which is more important b/w height and weight - ✔✔Weight is more important
✔✔Low birthweight newborn - ✔✔Less than 5.5 lbs
✔✔Preterm newborn? - ✔✔Born more than 3 weeks early
✔✔Small for gestational age newborn - ✔✔Less than average for age
✔✔Impact of low birth weight? - ✔✔It can cause cognition and attention problems, as
well as health conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, high BP, obesity etc. later in
life
✔✔How much sleep does a newborn need? - ✔✔16 hours per day
✔✔Purpose of neuron - ✔✔Transmit chemical and electrical signals to facilitate
communication b/w brain and body
✔✔Dendrites - ✔✔receive messages from other neurons
✔✔Axon - ✔✔carries electrical impulse from the cell body to the neuron
✔✔Synapse - ✔✔connection between the end of a neuron and another neuron or
muscle between which information is passed
✔✔Myelin Sheath - ✔✔white, fatty material composed of lipids which surrounds the
axons of nerves and facilitates swift communication
✔✔Nodes of Ranvier - ✔✔gaps in sheath where signal is recharged and keeps moving
✔✔Is physical growth typically faster during early childhood or middle childhood? -
✔✔Early childhood
✔✔Executive functions - ✔✔Cognitive processes which are necessary for the cognitive
control of behavior: plan, focus, remember, multitask, etc
AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Classical Conditioning - ✔✔Pavlov; learning which occurs through association, such
as two stimuli being linked which causes a learned response to develop within the
person exposed to such stimuli
✔✔Operant Conditioning - ✔✔BF Skinner; Which consequence (positive vs. negative)
determine whether that behavior will be repeated... behavior is determined by its
consequences
✔✔Positive reinforcement - ✔✔A reward given when a desired behavior/task occurs
✔✔Negative punishment - ✔✔A punishment applied when a undesired behavior/task
occurs
✔✔Social Learning theory - ✔✔Bandura;Learning occurs through direct experiences,
verbal communication, and modelling from others. Individuals internalize collected
information as to which behaviors are desired. Individuals construct their own beliefs
rather than mimicking models or anticipating rewards/punishments
✔✔family of orientation - ✔✔the family one is born into
✔✔extended family - ✔✔family that extends beyond the nuclear family
✔✔family of procreation - ✔✔family created via marriage, adoption, close relations etc.
✔✔Responsive parenting - ✔✔Parents are aware of their child's emotional and physical
needs AND respond appropriately to these needs
✔✔Parental Caregiving - ✔✔attachment to mother/parents, norm for many years before
women entered workforce
✔✔Nonparental Caregiving - ✔✔"less emotional support" from maternal care, how
society can provide parents with resources which will allow them to afford high quality
childcare that will help children optimally develop
✔✔What is object permanence? - ✔✔Object permanence refers to the ability to
understand that although an object may have left the field of vision, it still exists
✔✔gross motor skills - ✔✔sitting, standing, walking, running, jumping
✔✔fine motor skills - ✔✔grasping, waving, using utensils, buildings with blocks, writing
, ✔✔structural factors - ✔✔education of caregivers, books/toys available, teacher-student
ratio, nutrition of food etc.
✔✔Process factors - ✔✔quality of interactions between caregivers and students, should
be warm + attentive
✔✔Indicators of physical health in a newborn - ✔✔Height and weight
✔✔Which is more important b/w height and weight - ✔✔Weight is more important
✔✔Low birthweight newborn - ✔✔Less than 5.5 lbs
✔✔Preterm newborn? - ✔✔Born more than 3 weeks early
✔✔Small for gestational age newborn - ✔✔Less than average for age
✔✔Impact of low birth weight? - ✔✔It can cause cognition and attention problems, as
well as health conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, high BP, obesity etc. later in
life
✔✔How much sleep does a newborn need? - ✔✔16 hours per day
✔✔Purpose of neuron - ✔✔Transmit chemical and electrical signals to facilitate
communication b/w brain and body
✔✔Dendrites - ✔✔receive messages from other neurons
✔✔Axon - ✔✔carries electrical impulse from the cell body to the neuron
✔✔Synapse - ✔✔connection between the end of a neuron and another neuron or
muscle between which information is passed
✔✔Myelin Sheath - ✔✔white, fatty material composed of lipids which surrounds the
axons of nerves and facilitates swift communication
✔✔Nodes of Ranvier - ✔✔gaps in sheath where signal is recharged and keeps moving
✔✔Is physical growth typically faster during early childhood or middle childhood? -
✔✔Early childhood
✔✔Executive functions - ✔✔Cognitive processes which are necessary for the cognitive
control of behavior: plan, focus, remember, multitask, etc
