Nu 327 Exam 5 Questions with 100% Correct
Answers
What is dysphagia?
difficulty swallowing
What are the main clinical consequences of dysphagia?
> malnutrition
> aspiration
Clinical manifestations of dysphagia
> Pain with swallowing
> Choking/aspiration
> Malnutrition
> Weight loss
Treatments for dysphagia
> "Thickener"
> Aspiration precautions
> Positioning
> Surgical correction
Esophageal pain etiology
Two types:
> Pyrosis (heartburn)
> Pain in the middle of the chest
,Mimics Angina Pectoris
May radiate
Pathogenesis of esophageal pain
Reflux of gastric contents (acid) into esophagus
> Pyrosis
Esophageal distention
Powerful esophageal muscle contraction
> Chest pain
Clinical manifestations of esophageal pain
> Chest pain
> Shortness of breath
> Retrosternal burning
> Water brash (regurgitation of sour fluid or tasteless saliva into the mouth-hypersalivation)
> Nausea
Esophageal pain treatment
> prevention
> causative agent specific
Diarrhea etiology
Increase in frequency and fluidity of bowel movements
Acute
> Infection
,> Stress
> Food allergy
> Leakage of stool around an impaction
Chronic
> Greater than 4 weeks
> Malabsorption
> Chronic infection
Pathogenesis of diarrhea
Motility disturbance
> Decreased contact time of chyme with small intestine
> Absorptive capacity in large intestine is exceeded
Exudative
> Inflammatory processes
> Mucous
> Blood
> Protein
Secretory
> Toxins that stimulate intestinal fluid secretion and impair absorption
> Staphylococcus aureus
Osmotic
, > Increased amounts of poorly absorbed solutes in the intestine cause sodium and water
influx
Etiology of constipation
> Small, infrequent, or difficult bowel movements
> Fewer then 3 stools per week
> Low fiber diet
> Lack of exercise
> Slow peristalsis (elderly, postoperatively, narcotics)
> Can lead to impaction
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) etiology - cause
> Backward flow of gastric contents into esophagus
> May or may not produce symptoms
Pathogenesis of GERD
Incomplete closure of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) May be affected by:
> Fatty foods
> Caffeine
> ETOH
> Smoking
> Sleep position
> Obesity
Increased abdominal pressure
> Pregnancy
Answers
What is dysphagia?
difficulty swallowing
What are the main clinical consequences of dysphagia?
> malnutrition
> aspiration
Clinical manifestations of dysphagia
> Pain with swallowing
> Choking/aspiration
> Malnutrition
> Weight loss
Treatments for dysphagia
> "Thickener"
> Aspiration precautions
> Positioning
> Surgical correction
Esophageal pain etiology
Two types:
> Pyrosis (heartburn)
> Pain in the middle of the chest
,Mimics Angina Pectoris
May radiate
Pathogenesis of esophageal pain
Reflux of gastric contents (acid) into esophagus
> Pyrosis
Esophageal distention
Powerful esophageal muscle contraction
> Chest pain
Clinical manifestations of esophageal pain
> Chest pain
> Shortness of breath
> Retrosternal burning
> Water brash (regurgitation of sour fluid or tasteless saliva into the mouth-hypersalivation)
> Nausea
Esophageal pain treatment
> prevention
> causative agent specific
Diarrhea etiology
Increase in frequency and fluidity of bowel movements
Acute
> Infection
,> Stress
> Food allergy
> Leakage of stool around an impaction
Chronic
> Greater than 4 weeks
> Malabsorption
> Chronic infection
Pathogenesis of diarrhea
Motility disturbance
> Decreased contact time of chyme with small intestine
> Absorptive capacity in large intestine is exceeded
Exudative
> Inflammatory processes
> Mucous
> Blood
> Protein
Secretory
> Toxins that stimulate intestinal fluid secretion and impair absorption
> Staphylococcus aureus
Osmotic
, > Increased amounts of poorly absorbed solutes in the intestine cause sodium and water
influx
Etiology of constipation
> Small, infrequent, or difficult bowel movements
> Fewer then 3 stools per week
> Low fiber diet
> Lack of exercise
> Slow peristalsis (elderly, postoperatively, narcotics)
> Can lead to impaction
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) etiology - cause
> Backward flow of gastric contents into esophagus
> May or may not produce symptoms
Pathogenesis of GERD
Incomplete closure of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) May be affected by:
> Fatty foods
> Caffeine
> ETOH
> Smoking
> Sleep position
> Obesity
Increased abdominal pressure
> Pregnancy
