CNUR 202- Pharmacology Exam Questions
with 100% Correct Answers
What is Pharmacokinetics?
What the body does to the drug.
What are the 4 phases of pharmacokinetics?
absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
What is pharmaceutics?
Dosage form design and it's dissolution after administration
What is pharmacodynamics?
What the drug does to the body - drug receptor relationships
What is the fastest absorbed dosage form?
Liquids
What is the slowest absorbed dosage form?
Enteric coated tablets
Which drugs cannot be crushed?
Extended-release and enteric-coated tablets
What is bioavailability?
the extent of absorption
Describe the first-pass effect
,Enteral meds are metabolized by the liver before distribution in the bloodstream thereby
reducing the drugs bioavailability to <100%
Why do some enteric-coated and fat-soluble meds need to be taken on an empty
stomach?
Large quantities of food can increase stomach acidity thereby dissolving the tablets
What are some conditions that cause decreased absorption of enteral meds?
short bowel syndrome, sepsis & exercise (decreased blood flow to GI)
What can INCREASE absorption of SubQ, ID, and IM meds?
heat and massage
What can DECREASE absorption of SubQ, ID, and IM meds?
cold, hypotension, decreased peripheral blood flow
What are transdermal medications?
adhesive drug patches
What routes are considered topical meds?
topical, transdermal, inhalation
What are "free" drugs?
Those that are unbound from blood proteins and thereby pharmacologically active
What is the most common blood protein?
albumin
What are "bound" drugs?
,Those that are bound to blood proteins and thereby pharmacologically inactive
Why can conditions that cause decreased albumin levels (burns, malnourishment) be
dangerous?
Low levels of albumin will cause increased amounts of "free" drugs thereby increasing the
risk of toxicity
Discribe drug-drug interactions physiologically?
Competition between two drugs for albumin binding sites which results in an increase or
decrease of either drugs effects
How are lipid-soluble drugs metabolized?
microsomal (P450) enzymes
How are water soluble drugs metabolized?
hydrolysis
Describe enterohepatic recirculation and it's effect on excretion
The drug is recirculated from the bile back into the liver which increases excretion time
How many half lives does it take for a drug to be considered effectively eliminated
(97%)?
5
What percentage of drug has been removed at peak drug concentration?
0%
Describe the "steady state" of drug concentration
, A plateau where the amount of drug eliminated equals the amount of drug absorbed resulting
in maximum therapeutic benefit
Describe the onset of a med
time to elicit a therapeutic response
Describe the peak of a med
time to reach maximal therapeutic response
Describe the duration of action of a med
The length of time of minimum effective drug concentration
Describe the therapeutic range/index of a med
The range in between the minimum effective drug concentration and toxic concentration
Why do meds with low therapeutic indexes need to be highly monitored?
Higher risk of toxicity (ex. gentamyocin, warfarin)
Describe the affinity of a drug
the degree to which a drug attaches and binds with a receptor
What is an agonist drug?
Drug binds to receptor, there is a response
What is an antagonist drug?
Drug binds to receptor, there is no response (blocks agonist)
What is a competitive agonist drug?
Drug competes with another agonist to elicit response
with 100% Correct Answers
What is Pharmacokinetics?
What the body does to the drug.
What are the 4 phases of pharmacokinetics?
absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
What is pharmaceutics?
Dosage form design and it's dissolution after administration
What is pharmacodynamics?
What the drug does to the body - drug receptor relationships
What is the fastest absorbed dosage form?
Liquids
What is the slowest absorbed dosage form?
Enteric coated tablets
Which drugs cannot be crushed?
Extended-release and enteric-coated tablets
What is bioavailability?
the extent of absorption
Describe the first-pass effect
,Enteral meds are metabolized by the liver before distribution in the bloodstream thereby
reducing the drugs bioavailability to <100%
Why do some enteric-coated and fat-soluble meds need to be taken on an empty
stomach?
Large quantities of food can increase stomach acidity thereby dissolving the tablets
What are some conditions that cause decreased absorption of enteral meds?
short bowel syndrome, sepsis & exercise (decreased blood flow to GI)
What can INCREASE absorption of SubQ, ID, and IM meds?
heat and massage
What can DECREASE absorption of SubQ, ID, and IM meds?
cold, hypotension, decreased peripheral blood flow
What are transdermal medications?
adhesive drug patches
What routes are considered topical meds?
topical, transdermal, inhalation
What are "free" drugs?
Those that are unbound from blood proteins and thereby pharmacologically active
What is the most common blood protein?
albumin
What are "bound" drugs?
,Those that are bound to blood proteins and thereby pharmacologically inactive
Why can conditions that cause decreased albumin levels (burns, malnourishment) be
dangerous?
Low levels of albumin will cause increased amounts of "free" drugs thereby increasing the
risk of toxicity
Discribe drug-drug interactions physiologically?
Competition between two drugs for albumin binding sites which results in an increase or
decrease of either drugs effects
How are lipid-soluble drugs metabolized?
microsomal (P450) enzymes
How are water soluble drugs metabolized?
hydrolysis
Describe enterohepatic recirculation and it's effect on excretion
The drug is recirculated from the bile back into the liver which increases excretion time
How many half lives does it take for a drug to be considered effectively eliminated
(97%)?
5
What percentage of drug has been removed at peak drug concentration?
0%
Describe the "steady state" of drug concentration
, A plateau where the amount of drug eliminated equals the amount of drug absorbed resulting
in maximum therapeutic benefit
Describe the onset of a med
time to elicit a therapeutic response
Describe the peak of a med
time to reach maximal therapeutic response
Describe the duration of action of a med
The length of time of minimum effective drug concentration
Describe the therapeutic range/index of a med
The range in between the minimum effective drug concentration and toxic concentration
Why do meds with low therapeutic indexes need to be highly monitored?
Higher risk of toxicity (ex. gentamyocin, warfarin)
Describe the affinity of a drug
the degree to which a drug attaches and binds with a receptor
What is an agonist drug?
Drug binds to receptor, there is a response
What is an antagonist drug?
Drug binds to receptor, there is no response (blocks agonist)
What is a competitive agonist drug?
Drug competes with another agonist to elicit response
