NIGHTINGALE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY STUDY EXAMS
GUIDE ALL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔What are the Major components of the innate response? - ✔✔-First Line of Defense:
Physical and Biochemical Barriers and the Human Microbiome
Physical (skin)
Biochemical (lysosomes, antimicrobial peptides, defensins, collections)
Microbiome (The microorganisms in the microbiome do not normally cause disease.
Their relationship with the human body may be commensal benefitting the
microorganism without affecting the body, or it may be mutualistic)
-Second Line of Defense: Inflammation
Inflammation is a protective response that supports recovery from injury and disease.
✔✔What do histamines do? - ✔✔increase the flow of blood and fluids to the affected
area
✔✔What do proinflammatory cytokines do? - ✔✔promote leukocyte activation
✔✔What are the Systemic manifestations of acute inflammation? - ✔✔fever,
leukocytosis (a transient increase in the levels of circulating leukocytes), and increased
levels of circulating plasma proteins.
, ✔✔What are the phases of wound healing? And what are the primary cells involved in
these phases? - ✔✔-Hemostasis
Platelets
-Inflammatory
Neutrophils
-Proliferation
Fibroblasts
Lymphocytes
Macrophages
-Remodeling Maturation
Fibroblasts
✔✔what are the type of scars in dysfunctional wound healing? - ✔✔Hypertrophic Scar
Keloid Scar
Contracture Scar
✔✔What is the difference between primary and secondary immune response? - ✔✔-
Primary Response
Initial exposure to antigen, lymphocyte is activated
-Secondary Response
more rapid production of a larger amount of antibody compared with the primary
response. Thanks to memory cells.
✔✔Identify examples of the different types of hypersensitivities and the immunoglobulin
associated with eachresponse - ✔✔Hypersensitivity I:
Seasonal allergic rhinitis Asthma
Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated reaction
Hypersensitivity II:
Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, Graves disease, autoimmune hemolytic
anemia
Tissue-specific reaction
Hypersensitivity III:
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Immune complex-mediated reaction
Hypersensitivity IV:
Contact sensitivity to poison ivy, metals (jewelry), and latex
Cell-mediated reaction
✔✔Differentiate the various types of transplant rejection - ✔✔- Acute rejection: Is a cell-
mediated immune response that occurs within days to months after transplantation.
This type of rejection occurs when the recipient develops an immune response against
unmatched HLA antigens after transplantation.
- Chronic rejection: may occur after a period of months or years of normal function. It is
characterized by slow, progressive organ failure. Chronic rejection usually results from
GUIDE ALL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔What are the Major components of the innate response? - ✔✔-First Line of Defense:
Physical and Biochemical Barriers and the Human Microbiome
Physical (skin)
Biochemical (lysosomes, antimicrobial peptides, defensins, collections)
Microbiome (The microorganisms in the microbiome do not normally cause disease.
Their relationship with the human body may be commensal benefitting the
microorganism without affecting the body, or it may be mutualistic)
-Second Line of Defense: Inflammation
Inflammation is a protective response that supports recovery from injury and disease.
✔✔What do histamines do? - ✔✔increase the flow of blood and fluids to the affected
area
✔✔What do proinflammatory cytokines do? - ✔✔promote leukocyte activation
✔✔What are the Systemic manifestations of acute inflammation? - ✔✔fever,
leukocytosis (a transient increase in the levels of circulating leukocytes), and increased
levels of circulating plasma proteins.
, ✔✔What are the phases of wound healing? And what are the primary cells involved in
these phases? - ✔✔-Hemostasis
Platelets
-Inflammatory
Neutrophils
-Proliferation
Fibroblasts
Lymphocytes
Macrophages
-Remodeling Maturation
Fibroblasts
✔✔what are the type of scars in dysfunctional wound healing? - ✔✔Hypertrophic Scar
Keloid Scar
Contracture Scar
✔✔What is the difference between primary and secondary immune response? - ✔✔-
Primary Response
Initial exposure to antigen, lymphocyte is activated
-Secondary Response
more rapid production of a larger amount of antibody compared with the primary
response. Thanks to memory cells.
✔✔Identify examples of the different types of hypersensitivities and the immunoglobulin
associated with eachresponse - ✔✔Hypersensitivity I:
Seasonal allergic rhinitis Asthma
Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated reaction
Hypersensitivity II:
Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, Graves disease, autoimmune hemolytic
anemia
Tissue-specific reaction
Hypersensitivity III:
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Immune complex-mediated reaction
Hypersensitivity IV:
Contact sensitivity to poison ivy, metals (jewelry), and latex
Cell-mediated reaction
✔✔Differentiate the various types of transplant rejection - ✔✔- Acute rejection: Is a cell-
mediated immune response that occurs within days to months after transplantation.
This type of rejection occurs when the recipient develops an immune response against
unmatched HLA antigens after transplantation.
- Chronic rejection: may occur after a period of months or years of normal function. It is
characterized by slow, progressive organ failure. Chronic rejection usually results from
