NURS 8022 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 5 – 120
Practice Questions & Answers Complete Exam Study Guide
– Latest 2026/2027 | 100% Verified
This comprehensive document contains 120 practice questions for the NURS 8022
Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 5, covering endocrine, hematologic, musculoskeletal, and
integumentary pathophysiology. Each answer includes the correct option in bold with a
detailed rationale.
Section Questions Key Topics Covered
Endocrine 1-30 Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, DKA, HHS, complications,
Pathophysiology metformin, sulfonylureas, microalbuminuria, retinopathy,
neuropathy, nephropathy
Hematologic 31-60 Iron deficiency anemia, B12 deficiency, pernicious
Pathophysiology anemia, sickle cell anemia, hemophilia A, von Willebrand
disease, DIC, CKD anemia, ITP, Factor V Leiden
Musculoskeletal 61-85 Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, osteoporosis,
Pathophysiology ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, PMR, GCA,
septic arthritis, fibromyalgia
Integumentary 86-105 Atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, tinea corporis, melanoma,
Pathophysiology BCC, herpes zoster, impetigo, contact dermatitis,
dyshidrotic eczema, lichen planus
Comprehensive 106-120 Hydroxychloroquine toxicity, SLE nephritis, gout risk
Review factors, PMR treatment, melanoma biopsy, lichen planus
nails, psoriasis comorbidities, reactive arthritis
, TOTAL 120 Complete NURS 8022 Exam 5 Coverage
Questions
SECTION 1: ENDOCRINE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (Questions 1–30)
1. A 45-year-old presents with polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss. Fasting blood
glucose is 180 mg/dL. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Type 1 diabetes
B) Type 2 diabetes
C) Diabetes insipidus
D) Gestational diabetes
Answer: B
Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes, accounting for 90-95% of cases. It
typically presents with polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss, often in patients with obesity,
family history, and older age. Type 1 diabetes is more common in younger patients and
typically presents with ketosis.
2. What is the primary pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes?
A) Insulin resistance
B) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
C) Decreased insulin sensitivity
D) Defective insulin secretion
Answer: B
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of pancreatic
beta cells, leading to absolute insulin deficiency. The destruction is mediated by T
lymphocytes and autoantibodies against islet cell antigens.
3. What is the primary pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes?
A) Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
B) Insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency
C) Absolute insulin deficiency
D) Defective glucagon secretion
,Answer: B
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance (decreased sensitivity of target
tissues to insulin) and relative insulin deficiency (inadequate insulin secretion to
compensate for the resistance). Over time, beta cell failure leads to progressive decline in
insulin secretion.
4. A patient with diabetes presents with nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and
Kussmaul respirations. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Hypoglycemia
B) Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
C) Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)
D) Lactic acidosis
Answer: B
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening complication of diabetes, characterized by
hyperglycemia, ketosis, and metabolic acidosis. It is more common in type 1 diabetes but
can occur in type 2 diabetes. Kussmaul respirations (deep, rapid breathing) are a
compensatory mechanism for metabolic acidosis.
5. Which of the following is a risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes?
A) Obesity
B) Young age
C) Normal BMI
D) Female gender
Answer: A
Obesity is the most important risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes. Other risk
factors include family history, age >45 years, physical inactivity, and race/ethnicity (African
American, Hispanic, Native American).
6. A patient with diabetes has a glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level of 9.5%. What
does this indicate?
A) Excellent glycemic control over the past 2-3 weeks
B) Poor glycemic control over the past 2-3 months
C) Normal glycemic control
D) Recent hypoglycemia
, Answer: B
HbA1c reflects the average blood glucose level over the past 2-3 months (the lifespan of red
blood cells). A level of 9.5% indicates poor glycemic control. The goal for most patients with
diabetes is HbA1c <7.0%.
7. A patient with diabetes presents with a blood glucose of 800 mg/dL, serum
osmolality of 350 mOsm/kg, and no ketones. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
B) Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)
C) Hypoglycemia
D) Lactic acidosis
Answer: B
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) is characterized by severe hyperglycemia (>600
mg/dL), hyperosmolality (>320 mOsm/kg), and no ketosis. It is more common in type 2
diabetes and typically has a gradual onset. DKA is characterized by ketosis and metabolic
acidosis.
8. Which of the following is a complication of diabetes mellitus?
A) Retinopathy
B) Pulmonary fibrosis
C) Hepatic cirrhosis
D) Osteoporosis
Answer: A
Diabetes mellitus is associated with multiple microvascular complications, including
retinopathy (damage to the retina), nephropathy, and neuropathy. Macrovascular
complications include coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral
vascular disease.
9. A patient with diabetes presents with a foot ulcer that probes to bone. What is the
most likely diagnosis?
A) Cellulitis
B) Osteomyelitis
C) Diabetic neuropathy
D) Peripheral vascular disease
Practice Questions & Answers Complete Exam Study Guide
– Latest 2026/2027 | 100% Verified
This comprehensive document contains 120 practice questions for the NURS 8022
Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 5, covering endocrine, hematologic, musculoskeletal, and
integumentary pathophysiology. Each answer includes the correct option in bold with a
detailed rationale.
Section Questions Key Topics Covered
Endocrine 1-30 Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, DKA, HHS, complications,
Pathophysiology metformin, sulfonylureas, microalbuminuria, retinopathy,
neuropathy, nephropathy
Hematologic 31-60 Iron deficiency anemia, B12 deficiency, pernicious
Pathophysiology anemia, sickle cell anemia, hemophilia A, von Willebrand
disease, DIC, CKD anemia, ITP, Factor V Leiden
Musculoskeletal 61-85 Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, osteoporosis,
Pathophysiology ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, PMR, GCA,
septic arthritis, fibromyalgia
Integumentary 86-105 Atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, tinea corporis, melanoma,
Pathophysiology BCC, herpes zoster, impetigo, contact dermatitis,
dyshidrotic eczema, lichen planus
Comprehensive 106-120 Hydroxychloroquine toxicity, SLE nephritis, gout risk
Review factors, PMR treatment, melanoma biopsy, lichen planus
nails, psoriasis comorbidities, reactive arthritis
, TOTAL 120 Complete NURS 8022 Exam 5 Coverage
Questions
SECTION 1: ENDOCRINE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (Questions 1–30)
1. A 45-year-old presents with polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss. Fasting blood
glucose is 180 mg/dL. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Type 1 diabetes
B) Type 2 diabetes
C) Diabetes insipidus
D) Gestational diabetes
Answer: B
Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes, accounting for 90-95% of cases. It
typically presents with polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss, often in patients with obesity,
family history, and older age. Type 1 diabetes is more common in younger patients and
typically presents with ketosis.
2. What is the primary pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes?
A) Insulin resistance
B) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
C) Decreased insulin sensitivity
D) Defective insulin secretion
Answer: B
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of pancreatic
beta cells, leading to absolute insulin deficiency. The destruction is mediated by T
lymphocytes and autoantibodies against islet cell antigens.
3. What is the primary pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes?
A) Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
B) Insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency
C) Absolute insulin deficiency
D) Defective glucagon secretion
,Answer: B
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance (decreased sensitivity of target
tissues to insulin) and relative insulin deficiency (inadequate insulin secretion to
compensate for the resistance). Over time, beta cell failure leads to progressive decline in
insulin secretion.
4. A patient with diabetes presents with nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and
Kussmaul respirations. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Hypoglycemia
B) Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
C) Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)
D) Lactic acidosis
Answer: B
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening complication of diabetes, characterized by
hyperglycemia, ketosis, and metabolic acidosis. It is more common in type 1 diabetes but
can occur in type 2 diabetes. Kussmaul respirations (deep, rapid breathing) are a
compensatory mechanism for metabolic acidosis.
5. Which of the following is a risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes?
A) Obesity
B) Young age
C) Normal BMI
D) Female gender
Answer: A
Obesity is the most important risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes. Other risk
factors include family history, age >45 years, physical inactivity, and race/ethnicity (African
American, Hispanic, Native American).
6. A patient with diabetes has a glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level of 9.5%. What
does this indicate?
A) Excellent glycemic control over the past 2-3 weeks
B) Poor glycemic control over the past 2-3 months
C) Normal glycemic control
D) Recent hypoglycemia
, Answer: B
HbA1c reflects the average blood glucose level over the past 2-3 months (the lifespan of red
blood cells). A level of 9.5% indicates poor glycemic control. The goal for most patients with
diabetes is HbA1c <7.0%.
7. A patient with diabetes presents with a blood glucose of 800 mg/dL, serum
osmolality of 350 mOsm/kg, and no ketones. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
B) Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)
C) Hypoglycemia
D) Lactic acidosis
Answer: B
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) is characterized by severe hyperglycemia (>600
mg/dL), hyperosmolality (>320 mOsm/kg), and no ketosis. It is more common in type 2
diabetes and typically has a gradual onset. DKA is characterized by ketosis and metabolic
acidosis.
8. Which of the following is a complication of diabetes mellitus?
A) Retinopathy
B) Pulmonary fibrosis
C) Hepatic cirrhosis
D) Osteoporosis
Answer: A
Diabetes mellitus is associated with multiple microvascular complications, including
retinopathy (damage to the retina), nephropathy, and neuropathy. Macrovascular
complications include coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral
vascular disease.
9. A patient with diabetes presents with a foot ulcer that probes to bone. What is the
most likely diagnosis?
A) Cellulitis
B) Osteomyelitis
C) Diabetic neuropathy
D) Peripheral vascular disease
