Exam 3: NU110 / NU 110 (Latest 2026 / 2027) Integrated Human Sciences | 100% Correct Questions & Answers - Galen

Exam 3: NU110 / NU 110 (Latest 2026 / 2027) Integrated Human Sciences | 100% Correct Questions & Answers - Galen Improvement in the health of American public is best achieved by.... a. People deciding they are going to stop smoking b. Placing state-of-the-art MRI machines in all hospitals c. Providing free medications to all people d. Providing free condoms to all American teenagers a. People deciding they are going to stop smoking True or False: Health literacy is defined as the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand health information to make appropriate health decisions. True (This is why we need to keep education at a 5th to 6th health literacy level) True or False: 9 in 10 people have problems with health literacy. True The patient states, "I believe I can make a difference. I want to personally be involved in my health care decision." What is the patient demonstrating? Empowerment What learning domain is being addressed when a nurse utilizes lecture and audio-visual materials to teach a client? a. Cognitive b. Affective c. Psychomotor d. None of the above a. Cognitive A nurse documents her goal as "A patient will demonstrate proper technique of using a meter dose inhaler." Is this a measurable objective? Yes; the nurse can verify they know how to do it by having the patient demonstrate. Which situation shows that a patient has benefitted from health education and counseling? a. A diabetic who goes to a diabetes education program b. An asthmatic who regularly forgets to take their daily medication c. A diabetic who has been prescribed insulin therapy d. An asthmatic who has had decreased visits to the ER d. An asthmatic who has had decreased visits to the ER What is an individual's belief in being capable of performing beneficial health behaviors? a. Self-Belief b. Self-Cognitive Theory c. Self-Doubt Theory d. Self-Efficacy Model b. Self-Cognitive Theory A patient, who currently smokes, is seriously considering stopping smoking within the next month. What stage of the Transtheoretical Model is the patient in? a. Precontemplation b. Contemplation c. Action d. Planning or preparation d. Planning or preparation 1. What is the number 1 death associated with diet? a. Heart Disease b. Stroke c. Diabetes d. Cancer a. Heart Disease List the 4 leading causes of death associated with diet CHD- congenital heart disease, Cancer, CVA- stroke (cerebrovascular accident), DM- diabetes mellitus What is an RDA? Average dietary intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements. True or False: The current generation of children may be less healthy and have a shorter lifespan than their parents. True Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are used to assess the diets of what kind of people? a. Everyone b. Healthy People c. Patients with Chronic Diseases d. Women who are pregnant b. Healthy people What is a tolerable upper intake level? Highest amount you can consume with it still being safe. 1. Pregnant women should take extra supplements of what nutrients? Select all that apply. a. Vitamin D b. Folic Acid/Folate c. Iron d. Vitamin B1 b. Folic Acid/ Folate c. Iron Make _____ of your plate fruits and vegetables. 1/2 Make at least half of your grains ______ _______. Whole grains How should the nurse teach the patient to properly thaw frozen meats? a. Keep in the fridge in cool water and change water every 30 minutes b. Let it sit on the counter to thaw c. Put it in the microwave to thaw d. Keep the meat in the fridge without sitting it in water a. Keep in the fridge in cool water and change water every 30 minutes Coronary Heart Disease is the leading cause of death associated with diet and is related to excessive intake of ___________. a. Salt b. Fat c. Sugar d. Carbohydrates a. Salt Those diagnosed with CAD should follow the _________ diet. a. Keto b. Renal c. DASH d. Clear Liquid c. dash The goal of lipid levels is to have ____ HDLs and ____ LDLs. high, low List the four basic food safety principles that work together to reduce the risk of food-borne illness Clean, separate, cook, chill People should try to get their vitamins from what? a. Food b. Vitamins c. Herbal Supplements d. Sports Drinks a. Food Excess __________________ may be teratogenic during pregnancy a. Folic Acid b. Iron c. Vitamin d. Vitamin A d. Vitamin A Postmenopausal women should take supplements of ______ and _______ to reduce their risk of osteoporosis. a. Iron b. Calcium c. Vitamin B12 d. Vitamin D b. Calcium d. Vitamin D Two primary prevention strategies to prevent obesity are what? Select all that apply. a. Diet b. Keep track of your weight c. Eat big meals during mealtimes d. Exercise a. Diet d. Exercise The nurse recognizes a BMI of 30 is considered what? obese True or False: Every supplement on the market has already been regulated by the FDA. False 1. A patient with osteoporosis asks what exercises she should do. What recommendations can you give her? Select all that apply. a. Walking b. Lifting weights c. Swimming d. Weight bearing a. Walking d. Weight bearing A patient diagnosed with osteoporosis may be recommended to take what by their physician? Vitamin D ____________ activities are good exercises alternatives for people with musculoskeletal limitation, like arthritis, because it provides weight relief while exercising a. aquatic b. anaerobic c. weight bearing d. aerobic a. aquatic If exercise lasts longer than an hour, the individual is encouraged to drink what? a. Water b. Sport drinks (Gatorade) c. Soda d. Milk b. Sport drinks (Gatorade) If the weather is hot, __ to ___ oz of fluid should be drink ever 15-20 minutes. a. 7 to 15 b. 5 to 12 c. 12-20 d. 3 to 5 b. 5 to 12 Aerobic exercises should be performed __ to ___ times each week and last 20 to 60 minutes. a. 1 to 2 b. 3 to 5 c. 5 to 7 d. 2 to 4 b. 3 to 5 What is an inborn set of physiological changes that offset those of the fight-or-flight (stress) response? Relaxation response-achieved by meditation, yoga, and/or deep breathing. 1. To receive cardiac benefit from exercise, your heart should beat for ________ bpm for 5 minutes. a. 100 b. 75 c. 150 d. 250 What are the parts of the small intestine? 1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. Ileum What is the function of the Duodenum? It receives Chyme. It is where your gallbladder dumps bile via bile ducts. What is the importance of the small intestine? Site of nutrient absorption. What is the function of the Ileum It's an extension to make sure whatever nutrients were not absorbed have somewhere to go. What is the direction of the large intestine? Ascending colon, transverse colon, Desecending colon, sigmoid colon, Rectum. Anus. Where does digestion start? starts psychologically before food enters the mouth What is the enzyme that digests/breaks down glucose? Amylase What is the mechanical part of chewing? What is CN for chewing? CN for swallowing? -Mastication -CN#5 Trigeminal= chewing -CN#9 Glossopharyngeal= swallowing What structure is involved in swallowing after mastication? Esophagus What sphincter at the beginning of the stomach prevents us from having heart burn(Dyspepsia)? -LES= lower esphageal sphincter or Cardiac Sphincter. When you swallow, what substance is released into the stomach to break down food? Hydrochloric Acid (HCL acid) What substance breaks down protein in the stomach? Pepsin What is the mechanical part of the stomach? Churning What is the name of the substance that the stomach makes from digestion? Chyme passes through the pyloric sphincter and dups into the duodenum What are the 2 additional enzymes that the pancreas secretes? -Lipase (fats) -pepsidase (proteins) (sometimes called trypsin) Lipase calls on what to help break down large amounts of fat? Gallbladder for the secretion of bile helps break down large amounts of fat. What is the role of Villi? Where can they be found? -Absorbs small nutrients molecules from the digestive tract -it only absorbs, carbs and proteins once broken down into the smallest possible units. -found only in the small intestine mucosa What organ makes bile? How? Liver and it uses broken down RBC's and the chemicals secreted from lysis to it's storage unit (gallbladder) What is the role of sodium bicarbonate? Neutralizes chyme from the stomach, providing for optimal pancreatic function (produced in pancreas) What is the mechanical function of digestion? Breakdown of nutrients What is the process involved in the small intestine? Absorption of nutrients What structure is primarily responsible for the digestion of proteins? Stomach What structure starts with the digestion of carbohydrates? Mouth What structure is primarily responsible for the absorption of carbohydrates and proteins? Villus capillary (villi) (found in small intestine) What hormone activates the stomach? Gastrin (exocrine) What hormone activates the gallbladder? Cholecystokinin (exocrine) What hormone activates the small intestine? Secretin (exocrine) What Hormone lowers blood sugar? -Insulin (endocrine) -secreted by beta cells What hormone increases blood sugar? - glucagon (endocrine) -secreted by alpha cells What are the 2 components of metabolism? Define Each. -Catabolism: Break down into smallest possible units (BREAKS SHIT UP) -Anabolism: builds up by forming peptide bonds. (ADDS SHIT UP) End product involves cellular respiration that end in carbon dioxide. Requires energy What re the 2 processes of catabolism? -Anaerobic -Aerobic Anaerobic: -Without O2 -Glycolysis -only makes 2 ATP molecules -poor use of energy -occurs in the cytoplasm Aerobic: -With O2 -mitochondria -end product is nutrient OXIDATION What is the most abundant mineral/electrolyte/ion? Sodium What is the importance of vitamin B's? -Vitamins B's are for energy -B1: energy for the brain (Thiamin) -B9: Folate, Matures RBC's (folic acid) -B12. Produces RBC (cyanocobalamin) Where do you find folic acid? Liver, onions Where do you find the best source for quick cellular energy (simple carb) that also contains other nutrients? Milk What is the Vet K for? Where can we find it? -Clotting -can be found in green leafy vegetables such as kale and spinach Who is Vitamin C for? Collagen Where do you find potassium? Legumes and bananas Where does the urinary system start? -begins in the kidneys -urinary capsule keeps the shape/structure of the kidney What do you find inside the kidney? Nephrons, they are the location for cellular exchange, functional unit of the kidney Where does filtration occur in the nephron? Glomerulus What structures release urine down from the kidneys to the bladder? Ureters What is the role of the bladder? Store Urine What does filtration require? Pressure What structure contains the testis? Scrotum Where does sperm mature? Epididymis Where is testosterone produced? Testis Where is semen produced? Prostate but 70% is made in the seminal vesicle How many gametes are made in meiosis? 4 What makes a girl? What makes a boy? -Girl: XX -Girl: XY What hormones causes ovulation? LH Where does semen leave from? Via vas deferens, it transports mature sperm to the urethra in preparation for ejaculation What is another word for semen? Seminal fluid Where does female reproductive system start? in the ovary, where ovum is matured What is significant about ADEK vitamins? They are fat soluble (you store them in fat) What vitamins do you excrete daily? Vitamin B's and Vitamin C's (they are water soluble) What organ produces erythropoietin? Kidneys Functions of the large intestine? -Absorbs water, stool storage -*the longer the stool stays in here, the higher the chance of ammonia being released which is bad for the brain Functions of the liver? detoxification, metabolism. immune system, production of cholesterol, storage of micronutrients, blood sugar balance, production of bile, protein synthesis Wha is the primary organ of a male? Testis What is the primary organ of a female? Ovaries What is the master controller of metabolism? Thyroid What is metabolism? Breakdown of food in the GI track Vitamin A: Vision Vitamin B: ATP (energy) Vitamin C Collagen Vitamin D Carry Ca2 to bones Vitamin E Immune system Vitamin K Klot Calcium for bones, main mover for muscles and to carry Vitamin K to the liver to make clotting factors. How sex cells divide? Meiosis Sex autosomes/ sex cells= 23 pairs Autosomes= 22 (trait characteristics) Anterior pituitary gland is responsible to release? LH and FSH Male sex hormone? testosterone Female sex Hormone? Estrogen Testis are responsible for making what? Sperm ovaries make? Ova A renal stone in the pelvis of the kidney will change kidney function by interfering with the... collection and drainage of urine from the kidney A patient with kidney disease has oliguria and a creatinine clearance of 40 mL/min. These findings most directly reflect abnormal function of... glomerular filtration The nurse identifies a risk for urinary stones in a patient who relates a health history that includes... hyperparathyroidism Diminished ability to concentrate urine, associated with aging of the urinary system, is attributed to... decreased function of the loop of Henle and tubules During physical assessment of the urinary system, the nurse... performs fist percussion to detect tenderness in the flank area Normal findings expected by the nurse on physical assessment of the urinary system include (select all that apply)... nonpalpable bladder, nonpalpable left kidney, no CVA tenderness elicited by a kidney punch, full bladder percussion as dullness above the symphysis pubis A diagnostic study that evaluates renal blood flow, glomerular filtration, tubular function, and excretion is a(n)... renal scan On reading the urinalysis results of a dehydrated patient, the nurse would expect to find... specific gravity of 1.035 Anuria lack of urine Olgeria less than 500 mL in 24 hours glycosuria sugar in the urine Nocturia frequent urination at night dysuria difficult or painful urination pyuria pus in the urine hematuria blood in the urine incontinence inability to control urination retention inability to empty the bladder renal calculi kidney stones Frequency (urinary) related to uti; pregnancy urgency bladder muscle contractions stimulate desire ureters carry urine from pelvis to bladder bladder serves as a reservoir for urine; does not absorb; stretches urethra tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body; female shorter than male physiology of urinary formation filtration, reabsorption, secretion, excretion of water, electrolytes, and metabolic waste Dehydration... kidneys reabsorb fluid, dark yellow urine (caffeine, alcohol, diuretics are causes) high sodium diets... causes retention (water follows salt) aging adults... decreased bladder tone; decreased contractility; may lead to retention or incontinence Fluid overload clear/dilute urine shy bladder cannot urinate in front of other people (emotion factors) Characteristics of normal urine... pale yellow, no odor, clear/translucent, pH 4.6-8.2, gravity of 1.005-1.030 Normal Adult urine output... 1500 mL/day upper system 2 kidneys; 2 ureters lower system bladder and urethra cortex outer layer of kidney medulla inner layer of kidney (cone shaped projections) nephron functional unit of the kidney (800,000-1.2 million) glomerular function filtration of blood (125mL/min) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) influences the absorption of water by kidney tubules aldosterone Hormone that stimulates the kidney to retain sodium ions and water Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) Increases sodium excretion by kidneys, reduces blood pressure parathyroid hormone reabsorption of calcium RIFLE defines the first 3 stages of AKI based on changes in... serum creatinine or urine output from baseline During the oliguric phase of AKI, the nurse monitors the patient for (select all that apply)... ECG changes, pulmonary edema If a patient is in the diuretic phase of AKI, the nurse must monitor for which serum electrolyte imbalances? Hypokalemia and hyponatremia A patient is admitted to the hospital with chronic kidney disease. The nurse understands that this condition is characterized by... progressive irreversible destruction of the kidneys Nurses can screen patients at risk for developing chronic kidney disease. Those considered to be at increased risk include (select all that apply)... older black patients, patients more than 60 years old, those with a history of hypertension, those with a history of type 2 diabetes. Patients with chronic kidney disease have an increased incidence of cardiovascular disease related to (select all that apply)... hypertension, vascular calcifications, hyperinsulinemia causing dyslipidemia Nutritional support and management are essential across the entire continuum of chronic kidney disease. Which statements are true related to nutritional therapy? (select all that apply)... Sodium and salt may be restricted in someone with advanced CKD, Fluid is not usually restricted for patients receiving peritoneal dialysis, Decreased fluid intake and a low-potassium diet are part of the diet for a patient receiving hemodialysis. An ESRD patient receiving hemodialysis is considering asking a relative to donate a kidney for transplantation. In helping the patient decide about treatment, the nurse informs the patient that... successful transplantation usually provides better quality of life than that offered by dialysis To assess the patency of a newly placed arteriovenous graft for dialysis, the nurse should (select all that apply)... palpate the area of the graft to feel a normal thrill, listen with a stethoscope over the graft to detect a bruit, assess the pulses and neurovascular status distal to the graft. A kidney transplant recipient has had fever, chills, and dysuria over the past 2 days. What is the first action that the nurse should take? Assess temperature and initiate workup to rule out infection