Exam for:
McCance Huether
Pathophysiology Test 1
(9th Edition)
** Expert-Verified Explanation
** Questions with Verified Answer
** New Edition | Updated
** 100% Guaranteed Pass
** 100% Correct Answers | Graded A+
,central nervous system (CNS) consists of brain and spinal cord, enclosed within the cranial vault and vertebrae
peripheral nervous system (PNS) composed of cranial nerves and spinal nerves
also can be divided into somatic and autonomic nervous systems
cranial nerves project from the brain and pass through foramina in the skull
spinal nerves project from the spinal cord and pass through intervertebral foramina of the
vertebrae
afferent pathways that carry sensory impulses toward the CNS
efferent descending pathways carrying sensory impulses from the CNS to effector organs
somatic nervous system consist of motor and sensory pathways regulating voluntary motor control of
skeletal muscle
autonomic nervous system consists of motor and sensory components and is involved with regulation of the
body's internal environment through involuntary control of organ systems
-can be further divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic
microtubules made of protein and believed to be involved in transport of cellular products
neuroglial cells found in the CNS and PNS and can provide structural support and nutrition for
neurons, remove debris, increase speed of nerve impulses, and play a role in
memory
Nissl substances consist of ER and ribosomes and are involved in protein synthesis
nuclei dense, packed cell bodies in the CNS
ganglia groups of cells bodies in the PNS
dendrites extensions that carry nerve impulses toward the cell body
dendritic zone the receptive portion of a neuron that receives a stimulus and continues further
conduction
axons long, conductive projections from the cell body that carry nerve impulses away
from the cell body
,axon hillock the cone-shaped, organelle-free area where the axon leaves the cell body
fascicles bundles of axons in large nerves
myelin an insulating substance made of a segmented layer of lipid material
endoneurium a delicate connective tissue around each axon in the PNS
nodes of Ranvier interruptions in the neurilemma and myelin sheath
saltatory conduction process by which ions can flow between segments rather than along the entire
length of the membrane, resulting in increased velocity of neuronal conduction
divergence ability of branching axons to influence many different neurons
convergence branches of numerous neurons converging on and influencing one or a few
nuerons
larger _________axons transmit impulses at a faster rate
unipolar neurons have one process that branches shortly after leaving the cell body.
pseudounipolar neurons that have one process that has its dendritic portion extending away from
the CNS and its axon portion projecting into the CNS
-typical of sensory neurons in cranial and spinal nerves
bipolar neurons that have two distinct processes arising from the cell body; example:
neuron connecting rod and cone cells of the retina
multipolar neurons that are the most common and have multiple dendrites and a single
axon; example: most motor neurons
sensory neurons that carry im,pulses from peripheral sensory receptors to the CNS
interneurons transmit impulses from neuron to neuron and are also involved in cognitive
function
motor neurons that transmit impulses away from the CNS to an effector organ
, neuroglia most numerous type of CNS cell
astrocyte a neuroglial cell that fills spaces between neurons and surrounds blood vessels
in the CNS
oligodendrocyte a neuroglial cell that functions to deposit myelin within the CNS; the CNS
counterpart of the Schwann cells
ependymal neuroglial cell that lines the CSF-filled cavities in the CNS
microglia remove debris through phagocytosis in the CNS
Schwann cell a glial cell that wraps around and covers axons in the PNS. Forms and maintains
the myelin sheath
wallerian degeneration the sequence of events that occur when an axon is severed
synapse region between adjacent neurons
presynaptic neurons that relay impulses toward the synapse
postsynaptic neurons that relay impulses away from the synapse
action potential An ______ _______ in the presynaptic neuron causes the synaptic vesicles to
release their neurotransmitters through the plasma membrane into the synaptic
cleft
neurotransmitter A ________ is normally stored on one side of a synaptic cleft, and its receptors
are on the other side
cannabinoid transmitters that are released from postsynaptic neurons that modulate
neurotransmitter release from presynaptic neurons
summation the number and frequency of potentials the postsynaptic neuron receives
temporal summation the effects of successive, rapid impulses received from a single neuron on the
same synapse
spatial summation the combined effects of impulses from a number of neurons on a single synapse
at the same time
McCance Huether
Pathophysiology Test 1
(9th Edition)
** Expert-Verified Explanation
** Questions with Verified Answer
** New Edition | Updated
** 100% Guaranteed Pass
** 100% Correct Answers | Graded A+
,central nervous system (CNS) consists of brain and spinal cord, enclosed within the cranial vault and vertebrae
peripheral nervous system (PNS) composed of cranial nerves and spinal nerves
also can be divided into somatic and autonomic nervous systems
cranial nerves project from the brain and pass through foramina in the skull
spinal nerves project from the spinal cord and pass through intervertebral foramina of the
vertebrae
afferent pathways that carry sensory impulses toward the CNS
efferent descending pathways carrying sensory impulses from the CNS to effector organs
somatic nervous system consist of motor and sensory pathways regulating voluntary motor control of
skeletal muscle
autonomic nervous system consists of motor and sensory components and is involved with regulation of the
body's internal environment through involuntary control of organ systems
-can be further divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic
microtubules made of protein and believed to be involved in transport of cellular products
neuroglial cells found in the CNS and PNS and can provide structural support and nutrition for
neurons, remove debris, increase speed of nerve impulses, and play a role in
memory
Nissl substances consist of ER and ribosomes and are involved in protein synthesis
nuclei dense, packed cell bodies in the CNS
ganglia groups of cells bodies in the PNS
dendrites extensions that carry nerve impulses toward the cell body
dendritic zone the receptive portion of a neuron that receives a stimulus and continues further
conduction
axons long, conductive projections from the cell body that carry nerve impulses away
from the cell body
,axon hillock the cone-shaped, organelle-free area where the axon leaves the cell body
fascicles bundles of axons in large nerves
myelin an insulating substance made of a segmented layer of lipid material
endoneurium a delicate connective tissue around each axon in the PNS
nodes of Ranvier interruptions in the neurilemma and myelin sheath
saltatory conduction process by which ions can flow between segments rather than along the entire
length of the membrane, resulting in increased velocity of neuronal conduction
divergence ability of branching axons to influence many different neurons
convergence branches of numerous neurons converging on and influencing one or a few
nuerons
larger _________axons transmit impulses at a faster rate
unipolar neurons have one process that branches shortly after leaving the cell body.
pseudounipolar neurons that have one process that has its dendritic portion extending away from
the CNS and its axon portion projecting into the CNS
-typical of sensory neurons in cranial and spinal nerves
bipolar neurons that have two distinct processes arising from the cell body; example:
neuron connecting rod and cone cells of the retina
multipolar neurons that are the most common and have multiple dendrites and a single
axon; example: most motor neurons
sensory neurons that carry im,pulses from peripheral sensory receptors to the CNS
interneurons transmit impulses from neuron to neuron and are also involved in cognitive
function
motor neurons that transmit impulses away from the CNS to an effector organ
, neuroglia most numerous type of CNS cell
astrocyte a neuroglial cell that fills spaces between neurons and surrounds blood vessels
in the CNS
oligodendrocyte a neuroglial cell that functions to deposit myelin within the CNS; the CNS
counterpart of the Schwann cells
ependymal neuroglial cell that lines the CSF-filled cavities in the CNS
microglia remove debris through phagocytosis in the CNS
Schwann cell a glial cell that wraps around and covers axons in the PNS. Forms and maintains
the myelin sheath
wallerian degeneration the sequence of events that occur when an axon is severed
synapse region between adjacent neurons
presynaptic neurons that relay impulses toward the synapse
postsynaptic neurons that relay impulses away from the synapse
action potential An ______ _______ in the presynaptic neuron causes the synaptic vesicles to
release their neurotransmitters through the plasma membrane into the synaptic
cleft
neurotransmitter A ________ is normally stored on one side of a synaptic cleft, and its receptors
are on the other side
cannabinoid transmitters that are released from postsynaptic neurons that modulate
neurotransmitter release from presynaptic neurons
summation the number and frequency of potentials the postsynaptic neuron receives
temporal summation the effects of successive, rapid impulses received from a single neuron on the
same synapse
spatial summation the combined effects of impulses from a number of neurons on a single synapse
at the same time
