NURS 231/BIOD 331 Pathophysiology Final Exam & module 1-10 (Latest 2026/2027 Update) 100% Verified Actual Exam Questions & Answers | Grade A - Portage Learning

NURS 231/BIOD 331 Pathophysiology Final
Exam & module 1-10 (Latest 2026/2027
Update) 100% Verified Actual Exam Questions
& Answers | Grade A - Portage Learning
This comprehensive Portage Learning NURS 231/BIOD 331 prep bundle includes 430
expert-verified practice questions and exact final exam answers. Designed for Modules 1-
10, it features multiple-choice, short-answer, and true/false questions to help students master
critical clinical concepts.
What is Included:
• 430 Practice Questions: ≈ 150 targeted Questions & Answers (Q&A) per exam
version, ensuring you have ample material to review.
• Module 1-10 Breakdown: Specific, focused questions tracking exactly what Portage
Learning covers in the syllabus.
• Expert-Verified Answers: Clear, step-by-step explanations for tricky medical and
physiological concepts.
• Lab Values & Mechanisms: Comprehensive reference sheets covering Arterial Blood
Gases (ABGs), electrolyte panels, and normal lab ranges.
Key Concepts Covered:
• Cellular Homeostasis: Mechanisms that maintain a stable internal environment in
cells.
• Immune & Inflammatory Responses: Innate and adaptive immunity, plus
autoimmune and hypersensitivity reactions.
• Cancer Biology: Tumor suppressor genes, angiogenesis, and metastasis.
• Disease Prevention: Definitions and practical applications of primary, secondary, and
tertiary preventions.
• Tissue Injury & Adaptation: Causes of cell injury (e.g., hypoxia, physical agents, and
chemical toxicity) and tissue types.
Why Choose This Study Material:
This material is tailored to help nursing and allied health students save study time and prepare
effectively for the rigorous Portage Learning exams. By reviewing these exact Q&As, you can
quickly identify the key concepts and question formats that appear on the final exam


1

, Quiz_________________?
What are the normal's for the following labs
1) Urine Specific Gravity
2) Serum Osmolality
3) ABG (pH, HCO3, PaCO2, PaO2)
4) troponin I
5) electrolyte panel( Na+, K+, Ca+, Mg+)
6) BUN & Creatinine
7) CBC ( hgb, hct, RBC, WBC, platelets) -

Answer
1) 1.000-1.030
2) 270-300
3) pH 7.35-7.45// HC03 22-26// PaCO2 35-45// Pa02 80-100
4) troponin I <0.03 ng/mL
5) Na+ 135-145//K+ 3.5-5// Ca+ 9-10.5//Mg+ 1.2-2
6) BUN 10-20//Creat 0.5-1.2
7) hgb 12-18// hct 37-52%// rbc 4.2-6.1// wbc 5,000-10,000// platelets 150,000-400,000




Quiz_________________?
Match the lab profile with the most likely fluid imbalance like A) Fluid Volume Deficit 2) Fluid
Volume Excess
1) ____Na 148; Hct 40% yesterday, 49% today; serum osmolarity 308
2) ____Hgb 13.2 yesterday, 10.1 today; Urine specific gravity 1.001
3) ____BUN 45; Cr 0.7 -

Answer
1) A


2

,2) B
3) A




Quiz_________________?
The nurse is preparing to administer lisinopril (Zestril) to a patient with acute coronary
syndrome. Which of the following findings should prompt the nurse to hold the medication and
consult the healthcare provider?
a) Serum sodium level 134
b) Serum potassium 5.6
c) Heart rate 58
d) Blood pressure 125/78 -

Answer
b) Serum potassium 5.6
*ACE inhibitors can cause/exacerbate hyperkalemia.




Quiz_________________?
The nurse is caring for a patient who is in hypovolemic shock following an extensive burn
injury. What is the intravenous fluid of choice for this patient in the emergent phase of
treatment?
a) Lactated Ringers
b) 0.45 NS with 20 mEq potassium chloride
c) Fresh Frozen Plasma
d) 5% Dextrose in saline -

Answer
a) Lactated Ringers
*Isotonic solutions (crystalloids) are used to restore fluid volume in patients with shock.
Lactated Ringers is isotonic. Normal saline is also isotonic.



3

, Quiz_________________?
The client on a ventilator is assessed for untoward responses to the therapy. Which of the
following would indicate a possible complication of ventilator therapy?
a) Blood pressure has increased 5mmHg in the last 24 hours
b) Lung sounds absent on one side.
c) Forceful cough periodically
d) Broncho-vesicular breath sounds throughout peripheral lung fields. -

Answer
b) Lung sounds absent on one side.
*This may indicate a pneumothorax--a complication caused by barotrauma.




Quiz_________________?
The pressure reading during inspiration on the ventilator of a client receiving mechanical
ventilation is high and alarming intermittently. What is the nurse's first action?
a) Assess the client's oxygenation.
b) Call the RT to check the ventilator settings.
c) Listen for bilateral lung sounds.
d) Determine whether an air leak is present in the client's endotracheal tube cuff. -

Answer
a) Assess the client's oxygenation.




Quiz_________________?
Which assessment finding best indicates that fluid resuscitation therapy for the patient with
hypertonic dehydration has acheived the desired effect?
a) Peripheral pulses changed from 1+ to 3+
b) Neck veins slightly distended @ 30 degrees


4