OPOTA FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS WITH VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS | LATEST UPDATED 2026
z
The relationship between a student performance objective and a test question -
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
ANSWERS-
zx
A test question must respond directly to an SPO and every SPO may be the basis
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
of a test question
zx zx zx
The ultimate reason for law enforcement training - ANSWERS-
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
To be able to protect life and property of yourself and the public
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
A peace officer's main goals - ANSWERS-1. Enforce laws
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
2. Preserve the peace
zx zx zx
3. Prevent crimes
zx zx
4. Protect civil rights and liberties
zx zx zx zx zx
5. Provide services
zx zx
Considerations when exercising discretion - ANSWERS- zx zx zx zx zx
•Use sound judgment to determine which laws are to be formally enforced
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
•Determine if there is a more constructive remedy to a situation without an arrest or
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
citation (e.g., referring a homeless person to a shelter rather than a trespassing arr
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
est)
Factors necessary for the commission of a crime (crime triangle) - ANSWERS-
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
1. Desire zx
•The motivation behind criminal behavior (e.g., financial gain, power, revenge, fear,
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
narcotics usage) zx
•This factor is the most difficult to change
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
2. Victim zx
•The potential target zx zx
•Criminals prefer an easy target that is unaware of his/her surroundings or lacking
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
proper security precautions zx zx
•Difficult to change this factor due to individual personalities
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
3. Opportunity
zx
•Removing opportunity for crime with proper security measures applied to the victim
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
's environment (e.g., locking doors/windows, removing valuables from open view, g
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
ood lighting) zx
•Most effective area to concentrate crime prevention strategies
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
Core concepts of community policing - ANSWERS--
zx zx zx zx zx zx
a partnership between the police and the community
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
- crime prevention
zx zx
- organizational change of the agency
zx zx zx zx zx
- a problem- solving approach to the police role that is proactive
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
,Considerations for off duty situations - ANSWERS-1. Behavior zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
•An officer's behavior is often scrutinized by the community even when not on duty
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
•Not only does this refer to physical and verbal actions, but also online activity on s
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
ocial media zx
•An officer is expected to uphold the law enforcement code of ethics
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
2. Situational awareness
zx zx
•An officer should make every effort to remain alert even when not working
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
•You never know when you may need to transition quickly from a private citizen to
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
a peace officer
zx zx
•Make certain to preplan with your family should a situation arise while together. Cr
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
eate a number of scenarios for your family to practice
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
•Familiarize yourself with your agency's off duty weapon policy zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
Be a good witness if a situation arises when police intervention is necessary
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
•If the situation involves a reasonable belief of serious physical harm, provide a res
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
ponse as soon as practical zx zx zx zx
•However, if the situation is less serious, the best course of action is to observe the
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
incident until uniformed officers respond
zx zx zx zx zx
•If you become involved, make contact withdispatch as soon as possible to provide
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
information about the incident and information about yourself (e.g., clothing you are
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx z
xwearing, car you are driving, description of offenders and victims, pertinent officer s
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
afety information) zx
State the purpose of the bill of rights - ANSWERS--
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
protect an individual's freedoms
zx zx zx zx
- prevent the government from interfering in protected rights
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
Describe the major components of the criminal justice system - ANSWERS-
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
1. Law enforcement
zx zx
2. Courtszx
3. Corrections
zx
List the goals of sentencing - ANSWERS-
zx zx zx zx zx zx
1. punish the offender and in many cases, rehabilitate the offender
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
2. Protect society
zx zx
3. Restore the victim as much as possible
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
The concepts of lawful actions and police legitimacy - ANSWERS-1. Lawful -
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
defined by laws and standards
zx zx zx zx zx
•Criminal law - identifies what actions are prohibited
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
•Rules of agency (e.g., administrative rules, general orders, standard operating pro
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
cedures)
•Constitutional law (e.g., Fourth, Fifth, Sixth Amendments) zx zx zx zx zx zx
•Officers can act lawfully and within the parameters of agency policy and the citizen
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
ry still not perceive there to be police legitimacy -
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
there can be lawful, but awful interactions
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
2. Police legitimacy -
zx zx zx
exists when the public views the police as authorized to exercise power in order to
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx z
maintain social order, manage conflicts, and solve problems in the community
x zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
,Three resulting judgments of police legitimacy in action that translate into positive r
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
esults - ANSWERS-Judgment zx zx zx
-
Public trust and confidence in the police as being honest, trying to do jobs well, try
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
ing to protect the community
zx zx zx zx
Result - Individuals are more likely to become actively involved in police-
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
community partnerships zx
Judgment - Public willingness to defer to the law and police authority
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
Result - zx
There is a correlation between those who obey the laws and those who view the p
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
olice as legitimate; in addition, those who see the police as legitimate have an incre
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
ased willingness to cooperate by reporting crimes and providing valuable informatio
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
n about known and suspected offenders
zx zx zx zx zx
Judgment - Public belief that police actions are morally justified and appropriate
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
Result - Citizens are more likely to cooperate and defer in moments of crisis
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
Circumstances when filming police officers is permissible - ANSWERS- zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
•At least one party to the encounter consents or
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
•When officers are carrying out their duties in public, so long as it does not interfere
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
with the officers carrying out their duties
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
The relationship between race, genetics, and physical characteristics - ANSWERS-
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
•Race is a modern concept used to classify people by similar, observable physical
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
characteristics
•It is not, as many people think, based on genetics
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
•Despite surface appearances, humans are one of the most genetically similar of all
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
species and ...
zx zx zx
•Within the human species, there is no distinct genetic profile that completely distin
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
guishes one so-called race from another zx zx zx zx zx
•This is because most genetically influenced traits, like skin color, hair, eye shape,
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
blood type, athleticism, and intelligence, are inherited completely independent of on
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
e another
zx
The connection between in-groups, out-groups and police legitimacy - ANSWERS-
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
•Some individuals interpret their encounters with police in terms of their group's soc
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
ietal position rather than, or in addition to, the immediate circumstances of the polic
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
e contact
zx
Types of racism - ANSWERS-Individual racism -
zx zx zx zx zx zx
Internalized, unexpressed biases and prejudices based on race
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
Interpersonal racism - zx zx
Occurs between individuals. Includes public expressions of racial prejudice and hat
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
e made by individuals
zx zx zx
, Institutional racism zx
•Race based discriminatory policies and treatment that are produced and perpetuat
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
ed by institutions (e.g., schools, mass media, governments, banks) that result in ine
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
quitable opportunities and impacts zx zx zx
•Occurs within and between institutions zx zx zx zx
•Includes the discriminatory actions of individuals exercising the authority of the inst
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
itution (e.g., a bank loan officer, representing a banking institution, treating someon
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
e with racial bias; a police officer, representing a law enforcement institution, treatin
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
g someone with racial bias)
zx zx zx zx
Structural racism zx
•Refers to the collective way history, culture, and institutions reinforce and perpetua
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
te racializedoutcomes, even in the absence of racist intent
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
•It is broadly encompassing -
zx zx zx zx
it touches on all aspects of society (e.g., history, politics, economics) and is the fo
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
undation from which the other types of racism emerge
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
•Indicators include power inequalities, unequal access to opportunities, and differing
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
policy outcomes by race, whether or not intentional
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
Components of bias - ANSWERS-•Stereotypes - zx zx zx zx zx
generalizations about the perceived "typical" characteristics of a social category (i.
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
e., cognitive component)
zx zx
‒We categorize people by age, gender, race, and role
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
‒
Stereotypes do not necessarily have to have a negative connotation, as social scie
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
ntists point out that it is just a way for our brain to quickly sort people into recogniz
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
able groups zx
•Prejudices - zx
an often negative prejudgment based on characteristics such as race, age, etc. tha
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
t is not necessarily reasonable or logical
zx zx zx zx zx zx
•Attitude - zx
positive or negative feelings associated with individuals or groups; the tendency to
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
like or dislike, or to act favorably or unfavorably, toward someone or something
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
Bias-based profiling and criminal profiling - ANSWERS-•Bias- zx zx zx zx zx zx
based profiling, racial profiling, and illegal profiling have the same meaning and are
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx z
used interchangeably
x zx
•Bias-
based profiling is unequal treatment by a law enforcement officer of any person by
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
stopping, questioning, searching, detaining or arresting him/her on the basis of the
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
person's ethnic or racial characteristics, gender, religion, or sexual orientation
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
•Criminal profiling - based on observed behaviors and characteristics
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
•Bias-based profiling - zx zx
the factors of race/ethnicity and bias towards that race are initiating factors for law
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
enforcement intervention zx
Two types of bias - ANSWERS-Explicit bias and implicit bias -
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
common characteristics
zx zx
•Everyone possesses them zx zx
•They have real-world effects on behavior
zx zx zx zx zx
ANSWERS WITH VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS | LATEST UPDATED 2026
z
The relationship between a student performance objective and a test question -
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
ANSWERS-
zx
A test question must respond directly to an SPO and every SPO may be the basis
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
of a test question
zx zx zx
The ultimate reason for law enforcement training - ANSWERS-
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
To be able to protect life and property of yourself and the public
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
A peace officer's main goals - ANSWERS-1. Enforce laws
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
2. Preserve the peace
zx zx zx
3. Prevent crimes
zx zx
4. Protect civil rights and liberties
zx zx zx zx zx
5. Provide services
zx zx
Considerations when exercising discretion - ANSWERS- zx zx zx zx zx
•Use sound judgment to determine which laws are to be formally enforced
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
•Determine if there is a more constructive remedy to a situation without an arrest or
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
citation (e.g., referring a homeless person to a shelter rather than a trespassing arr
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
est)
Factors necessary for the commission of a crime (crime triangle) - ANSWERS-
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
1. Desire zx
•The motivation behind criminal behavior (e.g., financial gain, power, revenge, fear,
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
narcotics usage) zx
•This factor is the most difficult to change
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
2. Victim zx
•The potential target zx zx
•Criminals prefer an easy target that is unaware of his/her surroundings or lacking
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
proper security precautions zx zx
•Difficult to change this factor due to individual personalities
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
3. Opportunity
zx
•Removing opportunity for crime with proper security measures applied to the victim
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
's environment (e.g., locking doors/windows, removing valuables from open view, g
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
ood lighting) zx
•Most effective area to concentrate crime prevention strategies
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
Core concepts of community policing - ANSWERS--
zx zx zx zx zx zx
a partnership between the police and the community
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
- crime prevention
zx zx
- organizational change of the agency
zx zx zx zx zx
- a problem- solving approach to the police role that is proactive
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
,Considerations for off duty situations - ANSWERS-1. Behavior zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
•An officer's behavior is often scrutinized by the community even when not on duty
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
•Not only does this refer to physical and verbal actions, but also online activity on s
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
ocial media zx
•An officer is expected to uphold the law enforcement code of ethics
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
2. Situational awareness
zx zx
•An officer should make every effort to remain alert even when not working
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
•You never know when you may need to transition quickly from a private citizen to
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
a peace officer
zx zx
•Make certain to preplan with your family should a situation arise while together. Cr
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
eate a number of scenarios for your family to practice
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
•Familiarize yourself with your agency's off duty weapon policy zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
Be a good witness if a situation arises when police intervention is necessary
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
•If the situation involves a reasonable belief of serious physical harm, provide a res
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
ponse as soon as practical zx zx zx zx
•However, if the situation is less serious, the best course of action is to observe the
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
incident until uniformed officers respond
zx zx zx zx zx
•If you become involved, make contact withdispatch as soon as possible to provide
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
information about the incident and information about yourself (e.g., clothing you are
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx z
xwearing, car you are driving, description of offenders and victims, pertinent officer s
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
afety information) zx
State the purpose of the bill of rights - ANSWERS--
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
protect an individual's freedoms
zx zx zx zx
- prevent the government from interfering in protected rights
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
Describe the major components of the criminal justice system - ANSWERS-
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
1. Law enforcement
zx zx
2. Courtszx
3. Corrections
zx
List the goals of sentencing - ANSWERS-
zx zx zx zx zx zx
1. punish the offender and in many cases, rehabilitate the offender
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
2. Protect society
zx zx
3. Restore the victim as much as possible
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
The concepts of lawful actions and police legitimacy - ANSWERS-1. Lawful -
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
defined by laws and standards
zx zx zx zx zx
•Criminal law - identifies what actions are prohibited
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
•Rules of agency (e.g., administrative rules, general orders, standard operating pro
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
cedures)
•Constitutional law (e.g., Fourth, Fifth, Sixth Amendments) zx zx zx zx zx zx
•Officers can act lawfully and within the parameters of agency policy and the citizen
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
ry still not perceive there to be police legitimacy -
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
there can be lawful, but awful interactions
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
2. Police legitimacy -
zx zx zx
exists when the public views the police as authorized to exercise power in order to
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx z
maintain social order, manage conflicts, and solve problems in the community
x zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
,Three resulting judgments of police legitimacy in action that translate into positive r
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
esults - ANSWERS-Judgment zx zx zx
-
Public trust and confidence in the police as being honest, trying to do jobs well, try
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
ing to protect the community
zx zx zx zx
Result - Individuals are more likely to become actively involved in police-
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
community partnerships zx
Judgment - Public willingness to defer to the law and police authority
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
Result - zx
There is a correlation between those who obey the laws and those who view the p
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
olice as legitimate; in addition, those who see the police as legitimate have an incre
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
ased willingness to cooperate by reporting crimes and providing valuable informatio
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
n about known and suspected offenders
zx zx zx zx zx
Judgment - Public belief that police actions are morally justified and appropriate
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
Result - Citizens are more likely to cooperate and defer in moments of crisis
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
Circumstances when filming police officers is permissible - ANSWERS- zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
•At least one party to the encounter consents or
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
•When officers are carrying out their duties in public, so long as it does not interfere
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
with the officers carrying out their duties
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
The relationship between race, genetics, and physical characteristics - ANSWERS-
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
•Race is a modern concept used to classify people by similar, observable physical
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
characteristics
•It is not, as many people think, based on genetics
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
•Despite surface appearances, humans are one of the most genetically similar of all
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
species and ...
zx zx zx
•Within the human species, there is no distinct genetic profile that completely distin
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
guishes one so-called race from another zx zx zx zx zx
•This is because most genetically influenced traits, like skin color, hair, eye shape,
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
blood type, athleticism, and intelligence, are inherited completely independent of on
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
e another
zx
The connection between in-groups, out-groups and police legitimacy - ANSWERS-
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•Some individuals interpret their encounters with police in terms of their group's soc
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ietal position rather than, or in addition to, the immediate circumstances of the polic
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e contact
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Types of racism - ANSWERS-Individual racism -
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Internalized, unexpressed biases and prejudices based on race
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Interpersonal racism - zx zx
Occurs between individuals. Includes public expressions of racial prejudice and hat
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e made by individuals
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, Institutional racism zx
•Race based discriminatory policies and treatment that are produced and perpetuat
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ed by institutions (e.g., schools, mass media, governments, banks) that result in ine
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quitable opportunities and impacts zx zx zx
•Occurs within and between institutions zx zx zx zx
•Includes the discriminatory actions of individuals exercising the authority of the inst
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itution (e.g., a bank loan officer, representing a banking institution, treating someon
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e with racial bias; a police officer, representing a law enforcement institution, treatin
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g someone with racial bias)
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Structural racism zx
•Refers to the collective way history, culture, and institutions reinforce and perpetua
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te racializedoutcomes, even in the absence of racist intent
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•It is broadly encompassing -
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it touches on all aspects of society (e.g., history, politics, economics) and is the fo
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undation from which the other types of racism emerge
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•Indicators include power inequalities, unequal access to opportunities, and differing
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policy outcomes by race, whether or not intentional
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Components of bias - ANSWERS-•Stereotypes - zx zx zx zx zx
generalizations about the perceived "typical" characteristics of a social category (i.
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e., cognitive component)
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‒We categorize people by age, gender, race, and role
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‒
Stereotypes do not necessarily have to have a negative connotation, as social scie
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ntists point out that it is just a way for our brain to quickly sort people into recogniz
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able groups zx
•Prejudices - zx
an often negative prejudgment based on characteristics such as race, age, etc. tha
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t is not necessarily reasonable or logical
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•Attitude - zx
positive or negative feelings associated with individuals or groups; the tendency to
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like or dislike, or to act favorably or unfavorably, toward someone or something
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Bias-based profiling and criminal profiling - ANSWERS-•Bias- zx zx zx zx zx zx
based profiling, racial profiling, and illegal profiling have the same meaning and are
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used interchangeably
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•Bias-
based profiling is unequal treatment by a law enforcement officer of any person by
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stopping, questioning, searching, detaining or arresting him/her on the basis of the
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person's ethnic or racial characteristics, gender, religion, or sexual orientation
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•Criminal profiling - based on observed behaviors and characteristics
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•Bias-based profiling - zx zx
the factors of race/ethnicity and bias towards that race are initiating factors for law
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enforcement intervention zx
Two types of bias - ANSWERS-Explicit bias and implicit bias -
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common characteristics
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•Everyone possesses them zx zx
•They have real-world effects on behavior
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