WGU D236 Pathophysiology essentials Study Guides Exam COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS WITH MULTIPLE CHOICES |VERIFIED & REVISED ANSWERS (NEW)

WGU D236 Pathophysiology essentials Study
Guides Exam COMPREHENSIVE
QUESTIONS WITH MULTIPLE CHOICES
|VERIFIED & REVISED ANSWERS (NEW)
2026 -2027



A hormone panel was done on a patient with congestive heart
failure and fluid volume overload. Which elevated hormone on the
patient's chart is indicative of the body's attempt to reduce the fluid
overload?


Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)


Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)


Aldosterone


Renin


BNP


BNP is released when fluid volume excess is present.

,Normal sodium level


135-145


Hyponatremia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx?


Na < 135


Loss of energy or fatigue
Nausea and vomiting
Headache
Confusion
Muscle spasms
Low blood pressure
Dark scanty urine
Irritability, disorientation and neurological manifestations
Seizures

,Hypernatremia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx


Na > 145


Excessive thirst
Extreme fatigue
Confusion
Muscle twitching or spasms
Restlessness
Seizures


Normal potassium level


3.5-5.0


Hypokalemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx


K < 3.5


#Muscle fatigue/cramping
#Nausea, vomiting, constipation
#Cardiac dysrhythmias
#Paresthesia (numbness/tingling)

, Hyperkalemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx?


K > 5.0


Muscle weakness/paralysis
Paresthesia (numbness/tingling)
Cardiac dysrhythmias
Cardiac arrest/MI


Normal calcium level


8.5-10.5


Hypocalcemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx?


Calcium < 8.5


Overexcitability of the muscles
Muscle twitching
Paresthesia (numbness/tingling)
Chvostek and Trousseau sign (twitching on the cheek when
touched)
Cardiac dysrhythmias