BHSC 101
Cellular & Organic Chemistry
Foundations of Cytology
Basic Health Sciences (BHSC) Program
Academic Year 2024–2025
, 1. Introduction to Cytology
Cytology is the branch of biology concerned with the structure and function of cells. As
the fundamental unit of life, understanding cell biology is essential for all health science
students.
1.1 The Cell Theory
The cell theory forms the cornerstone of modern biology and medicine:
• All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
• The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in living organisms
• All cells arise from pre-existing cells through cell division
1.2 Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
Key Human body cells are eukaryotic — they contain membrane-bound
Distinction organelles including a defined nucleus.
Prokaryotic Cells:
• Lack a membrane-bound nucleus
• DNA exists as a single circular chromosome in the cytoplasm
• No membrane-bound organelles
• Examples: bacteria, archaea
Eukaryotic Cells:
• Contain a membrane-bound nucleus
• Multiple linear chromosomes
• Numerous specialized organelles
• Examples: human cells, fungi, plant cells
2. Cell Organelles & Their Functions
2.1 The Nucleus
The nucleus is the control center of the cell, housing the genetic material (DNA) and
directing cellular activities.
Cellular & Organic Chemistry
Foundations of Cytology
Basic Health Sciences (BHSC) Program
Academic Year 2024–2025
, 1. Introduction to Cytology
Cytology is the branch of biology concerned with the structure and function of cells. As
the fundamental unit of life, understanding cell biology is essential for all health science
students.
1.1 The Cell Theory
The cell theory forms the cornerstone of modern biology and medicine:
• All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
• The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in living organisms
• All cells arise from pre-existing cells through cell division
1.2 Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
Key Human body cells are eukaryotic — they contain membrane-bound
Distinction organelles including a defined nucleus.
Prokaryotic Cells:
• Lack a membrane-bound nucleus
• DNA exists as a single circular chromosome in the cytoplasm
• No membrane-bound organelles
• Examples: bacteria, archaea
Eukaryotic Cells:
• Contain a membrane-bound nucleus
• Multiple linear chromosomes
• Numerous specialized organelles
• Examples: human cells, fungi, plant cells
2. Cell Organelles & Their Functions
2.1 The Nucleus
The nucleus is the control center of the cell, housing the genetic material (DNA) and
directing cellular activities.
